A New Work Ethic

Describe how typical the attitudes that Sheehy reports appear to be in work environments you have experienced. They seem to be very typical in some of the work environments I have been in. I recall some years ago when I took on the fast-food world for about 14 days, a lot of the employees there were young and immature. Many company’s like McDonalds and Burger King employee these high school and college students who have not matured enough to fully understand the true value of work. For that reason, many of these companies are subject to much revenue loss due to fraud and theft within the work place. I’m sure that they account for that when they draw out their business plans and write out their policies and procedures to ensure mangers look out for employees with those traits. Explain the implications of the work ethic Sheehy describes for the future of American business. If I read the case right it seems as if he is saying that tomorrow’s leaders of America are ones that feel that you must claw your way to the top. They show characteristics of someone who would step on anyone or do anything to get what they want. It shows implications of a lot of ill will being performed in the future and how the structure of business competition may be a bit more competitive in the future. Explain whether it is more reasonable to expect workers, especially in a capitalist society, to be more devoted to their jobs, more concerned with quality and customer service, than Sheehy’s coworkers were. Yes, it is reasonable to expect more from workers that have been out there longer in respectable work environments. They have educated themselves enough to know when to show certain parts of their personality and have conquered their childish endeavors. Such individuals have formed a discipline within and know that the true way to the top of their careers is by showing true talent and knowing the fundamentals of your job. These things are just not learned over not and usually high school and college freshmen students are just beginning their journey down the literary path and have not learned these fundamentals yet. Explain the reasoning behind employee theft. I don’t think there is a true reasoning behind employee theft. Yet, if I had to pull one from the case reading I would say that it is the fact that the employees are young and naive. They lack discipline and respect and take for granted their jobs and the value of the job they do. The case seems to demonstrate how many fast food establishments have low moral within their employee body and lack good strong ethnic value training. I think if the employees should be trained to know what good ethics is. Also, they should be shown how to perform good moral ethics in their everyday work environment. Then, if it was actually implicated and enforced it would change the way many of the fast food employee staff viewed their positions and their overall attitudes toward their jobs would change. Explain ways the culture of our capitalists society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes. The capitalists’ society encourages attitudes like those by making it seem like it is a doggie dog world in the land of business. Every time you open a newspaper or turn on the television you hear how some accountant stole billions and trillions of dollars from some company. Stories of investment fraud and millionaires stepping on someone to get their lead in the market flood the airwaves on different Medias all over the world. Of course, after all that I would assume that the message that would be received by young, inspiring entrepreneurs is get in and get yours no matter how. This is what we are being told to do to only look out for number one. It is not until you actually get into the game and start dealing with the real action that you truly understand that what the media display and always real or remotely accurate. You have Politian’s that get up in front of the people and promise all the things to them. Saying that the can change things and offering things that they know they may not be able to achieve just to get a vote. These types of actions send the message that it is ok to tell a lie to get what you want in the business world and that the rules are only there to be broken. In conclusion, the culture of our capitalists’ society encourages attitudes like those Sheehy describes in its everyday actions and advertisements’, through Government leaders actions right down to the State leaders actions. What these officials and many like them do is seen and heard around the world and many follow in their footsteps in hopes that they would be smart enough to do it better and acquire all those luxuries without doing the work, just like the last man did.

The Characteristics and Formation of Meanders

Meanders are sinuous bends in a river's middle and lower courses. In low flow conditions, alternating pools and riffles are formed along the river bed. The river channel is deeper in pools so it has greater energy and more erosive power. Energy is lost as the river flows over a riffle because of friction. These cause the river's flow to become uneven and maximum flow to be concentrated on one side of the river, causing lateral erosion on one side, creating an outer concave bank.Deposition takes place on the other side of the bend, creating a convex bank. The cross-section of a meander is asymmetrical. The outer bank forms a river cliff or a bluff with a deep pool close to the bank, mainly because of the fast flow, hydraulic action and abrasion. The inner bank is a gently sloping deposit of sand and gravel, called a point bar. Meanders are maintained by a surface flow of water across to the concave outer bank with a balancing subsurface return flow back to the convex inner bank.This c orkscrew-like movement of water is called helicoidal flow. In this way, eroded material from the outer bank is transported away and deposited on the inner bank. The combination of erosion and deposition exaggerates the bends until large meanders are formed. Sometimes, oxbow lakes are formed when the neck of the loop of a meander is broken through, and the new cut eventually becomes the main channel, leaving the formed channel sealed off by deposition.

Comparative vocal tract between human and chimps that related to Research Paper

Comparative vocal tract between human and chimps that related to speech - Research Paper Example Our intellect has been gifted and even though chimpanzees have the ability to learn from humans, they are not able to make speech (Trask, 2004, p. 17). Chimps learn to communicate through sign languages. Humans can talk, discuss events, and share their knowledge of the past, present or future which distinguishes them from all other animals. With the evolution of man, there have been many changes in the biological structures as well. This is evidently seen when talking about vocal tracts which have formed as the humans evolved. Physical organs of the body have also been a part of the evolutional changes and processes. Thus, the human language is also a product of these biological changes and developments. A comparison of the vocal tracts of the chimps and humans can show clearly the differences that biological changes have brought in the language and communication abilities of these two species. This research will analyze the biological differences between the chimps and humans’ vocal tracts and how this has shaped the speech and language. The auditory atmosphere of the primates includes vocalizations that are produced by conspecific individuals and those vocalizations are known as conspecific vocalizations (CV). The non-human primates tend to have a rich vocal repertoire through which they interact and talk with other members belonging to their social group. They also use them for alarm calls and territorial calls and many have such loud voices that they can also be heard at a distance. These individuals may have different sorts of vocalizations and sounds depending on their size, type, and habitat. They are exposed daily to several CVs from different callers. On the contrary, in modern societies of humans, there are voices everywhere. These voices are present physically in the form of individual conversations and interactions

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty Case Study

Policies to the Maintenance of the National Sovereignty - Case Study Example For any immigration policy to have sustainable success, the key element to be taken care is assimilation. However, no country in the world has been successful as the United States, in ensuring the acculturation of the immigrants. It has been ensured to turn the immigrants into Americans at the soonest as a result of the strategic immigration policy. This successful immigration policy has earned the United States of America the fame as the world’s first universal nation. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) This assimilation has had extensive acceleration in the early twentieth century due to the active involvement of public schools, churches, and other social organizations in promoting the Americanization process. Interestingly even larger corporate firms took up the onus of carrying out the deliverables of the governmental immigration policy. (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b) Â   Â   Â   Â   However, a policy change more assertive on multiculturalism than on Americanization changed the scenario to a large extent. The policies changed its concerns more towards cultural equity and respect than on Americanization. Even the education system and the governance system asserting on bilingual strategies stand as a proof for this development. Unfortunately, these policy changes led to the segregation of the immigrants from the American born citizens (Lippman, Lorna, 1983). The matter of higher concern is that this segregation never melted through generations. The newer generations of the immigrants were also encouraged to stick on to their own cultural values though to a varied extent. Resultantly The United States of America turned out to be a nation where varied cultures and people of nationalities coexisted in peace but was never united as a single community having similar values and goals (Hayworth, John D & Eule, Joe, 2006 b). To be more precise, the immi gration policies never encouraged this binding process.

Guarani and Nationalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Guarani and Nationalism - Essay Example The country seemed to understand the idea of nationalism being among the first in West collectively. Apart from the nationalism, the country was long ago associated with industrialization, urbanization and modernization due to proper understanding of nationalism at an earlier stage. At the beginning of times in Paraguay, there was widespread racial mixing and contact with limited immigration trends, political isolation and geographic trends that produced a remarkable homogeneous population. These factors prevented the creation of the society that is stratified or the rise of the Spanish-speaking group. Geography and race together with the history repeatedly led to growth of the ethnic and language identity aspects to the foreground of the political life of the nation fostering and fueling the sense of distinctiveness that has not abated at backyard and intrigued and attracted the scholars from abroad. The Paraguay’s identification within its territorial integrity and linguistic patrimony is not recent. The background of the identification dates back to the countrys quest for its independence and the self-governance thereafter. This aspect was intensified by the onslaughts that suffered at the time of the War of the Chaco and the Triple Alliance that brought an abiding appreciation and espousal of its distinctive language and heritage. This allegiance culminated in the year of 1967 when Guarani was then declared the national language of Paraguay. Since then Joan Rubin the time when he did the pioneering work it has been assumed that Paraguay is the most bilingual nation in the world and by far its bilingualism is non-volatile rather than a shifting one (Ethnicity and Nationalism (second edition), 2010). The concomitant with the above phenomenon the two languages are supposed to be predominantly infused with positive effect. The Guarani language is

Continunity between work and retirement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Continunity between work and retirement - Essay Example Just like there is work ethic, there is also busy ethic for the retirees that requires an active life (David Ekerdt, 1986) As can be deduced from Ekerdt (1986), a good retirement ideally entails being involved in productive activities just like during ones employment years. This gives meaning to the retirees by helping them to approach leisure in an organized manner as if they were still in their formal employment. The retirees should have activity plan for the days lying ahead of them such as engaging in volunteer work, socializing and pursuing some other leisure activities. With such kind of organization, disruption and distress is highly reduced leading to a good retirement life. A good retirement should be morally managed and legitimated on a daily basis by ethic so as to ensure leisure that is earnest, occupied and filled with activities (Ekerdt,1986:239) Planning future activities for the retirees makes up a good retirement to them as this ensures continuity with activities in which they gain both a sense of involvement and the feeling of accomplishment just like the one provided by employment. Such kind of activities includes activities such participation in chatting and arts, which usually wraps up their day. The retirees value doing something that makes sense to them and also to others, also referred to as mattering, where the sense of relevance and value that comes from one’s life makes a difference to others. Also doing it with others (membership), providing connection to others and bringing that sense of belonging which enables one to refer to â€Å"us† as opposed to â€Å"them†. All these relates to a good retirement. The society currently does not really give the best as far as good retirement is concerned. In most cases, the retired and elderly are taken to the elderly centers where they stay as they wait for their final day on this ever busy world. This typically shows that within

Some exam questions I need explained Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Some exam questions I need explained - Essay Example PEST (Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technological factors) analysis is an important strategic planning tool. It proves to be a useful stepping stone for the analysis of external factors for an organization. It is also useful to analyze the feasibility of a certain project with reference to different external factors that might affect its execution. This model covers a broader aspect of the prevailing environmental factors than SWOT analysis. Porter’s 5 Forces: This model was developed by Michael E. Porter in 1980. He formulated the model on the basis of 5 competitive forces that tend to determine the nature of every industry. Organization can evaluate the level of competition, profitability and acceptance rate of an industry with the help of these forces; threat of new competitors, bargaining power of the suppliers, rate of rivalry in the industry, bargaining power of customers, threat of substitutes. Value Chain Analysis: It is considered to be a systematic approach; involves a sequence of functions and actions that build value for the organization. Value chain analysis plays a major role in the development of competitive advantage in the market. It equals to the cumulative value that is provided by the organization. Experience Curve Effect: This concept was formulated in 1966 by Bruce Henderson. Experience is considered to be an asset for any organization. The concept promotes the increment of this asset in different forms in the organization, for example, hiring of experienced resources, collaboration with other companies etc. According to the experience curve effect; if a company gains greater experience in a specific field or production process then 25 to 30 % of the costs can be decreased. It can help the organization to evaluate the success rate of the company and increase revenues. BCG (Boston Consulting Group) Matrix: is a portfolio management model. It categorizes the products of the organization

History of American Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

History of American Architecture - Essay Example After World War II the style manifested itself in clean-lined, unadorned glass skyscrapers and mass housing projects. Modernist architects of the early and mid-twentieth century were politically idealistic and radical. Their architecture expressed their faith that modernisation and progress would bring a better world. Modern architecture is a term given to a number of building styles with similar characteristics, primarily the simplification of form and the elimination of ornament, that first arose around 1900. Around 1900, a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents with new technological possibilities. By the 1940s these styles had been consolidated and identified as the International Style and became the dominant architectural style, particularly for institutional and corporate building, for several decades in the twentieth century. Some historians see the evolution of modern architecture as a social matter, closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment, a result of social and political revolutions. Others see modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments, and it's plainly true that the availability of new building materials such as iron, steel, concret e and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution. By the 1920s the most important figures in modern architecture had established their reputations. In 1932, the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, curated by Philip Johnson and collaborator Henry-Russell Hitchcock drew together many distinct threads and trends, identified them as stylistically similar and having a common purpose, and consolidated them into the International Style. This was an important turning point. With World War II the important figures of the Bauhaus fled to the United States, to Chicago, to the Harvard Graduate School of Design, and to Black Mountain College. Modernism became the pre-eminent, and then the only acceptable, design solution from about 1932 to about 1984. Modernist architecture became popular, because the ideal of progress was so widespread during the mid-twentieth century. Its gleaming glass, steel, and concrete buildings helped to spread the faith that technology and planning could heal the sick, replace the slums with hygienic housing projects, and create affluence for all. What is Post-Modernism Postmodern architecture is an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s, and continues to influence present-day architecture. Postmodernity in architecture is generally thought to be heralded by the return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. As with many cultural movements, some of postmodernism's most pronounced and visible ideas can be seen in architecture. The functional and formalized shapes and spaces of the modernist movement are replaced by

Kim Challenger Essay Example for Free

Kim Challenger Essay What do your chosen three stories of Sir Arthur Conan Doyles stories tell us about English society in the nineteenth century? The three short stories I have decided to study are, The Speckled Band, Silver Blaze, and The Man with the Twisted Lip. These were all written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and are of a detective genre. They were first published in a magazine in the Victorian times called The Strand. The stories are all of a similar length because they fitted into columns in the magazine and were all short stories. On Conan Doyles last story, The Final Problem, there was a public outcry because they loved Sherlock Holmess character so much and Conan Doyle killed him off. As a result of this outcry, Conan Doyle was forced to bring him back in The Empty House, in 1905. The Victorian period is the time when Queen Victoria ruled the British Empire from 1837 to 1901. It was a time of growth in the areas of wealth, technology, culture and literature. There was a class system and this was believed to have been dictated by God. There were three classes; upper class, middle class and working class. There was also an underclass who could not support themselves and lived in extreme poverty. The upper class consisted of the Queen, aristocrats, lords and ladies. The middle class consisted of businessmen and the working class consisted of servants. The Victorians were very religious; they went to church every Sunday and said prayers before meals. The vast majority of them were Anglican. Life for women and children was unbearably hard. As soon as a child could walk, it was expected to work; making matchboxes was one of the main jobs for children as it was easy. Women from all classes were expected to be married young and to raise a family of their own. Few marriages in the middle and upper classes were love matches, but were arranged by parents. Victorian London is where Sherlock is based but not necessarily where all the crimes took place. For example, I (Watson) walked holding my breath to keep out the vile, stupefying fumes of the drug. This took place in The Man with the Twisted Lip. This story was set in London.

Inadequate Compensation Essay Example for Free

Inadequate Compensation Essay Compensation for most positions is far below the market average for our region, no annual increases in the last 4 years. Salary.coms survey results show that inadequate compensation is by far the number one reason that dissatisfied employees want to leave their job. It has been proven time and again that fair pay practices benefit not only the employee, but also the employer (by reducing unwanted and unanticipated turnover costs). Employees who are paid competitively, relative to their specific market, are generally much happier. One way to find out if you are being paid what you are worth is to use Salary.coms salary negotiation tool, the Personal Salary Report. The Personal Salary Report will help you determine your value based on job title, industry, geography, company size, education, experience, and other personal factors. #2 Inadequate Opportunities for Career Advancement Percent Responding: 37.3% My boss has dangled the carrot for a year. Opportunity for career advancement is a major factor in retaining employees and keeping them happy. 37.3% of dissatisfied employees cited inadequate opportunities for career advancement as the reason they want to quit. Empty promises by upper management, such as promotions that dont pan out, have led many employees to give up on moving up the corporate ladder at their particular company. #3 Insufficient Recognition or Appreciation Percent Responding: 34.2% There is no recognition of my creative talent, training, or skills. The three major portions of an employees total rewards package are compensation, benefits, and the work experience. The work experience includes things like company culture, dress code, and how employees are recognized and appreciated for individual contributions and accomplishments. The fact that 34.2% of dissatisfied employees are disgruntled because of insufficient recognition or appreciation shows the importance of elements of the work experience, such as employee recognition programs. This proves that rewarding top performers with cash or gift certificates, or even just a pat on the back, goes a long way toward improving employee retention rates. #4 Boredom Percent Responding: 20.1% My job duties have gone from being challenging to boring. 20.1% of dissatisfied employees are unhappy because of boredom. There is only so much socializing with coworkers, surfing the Internet, or simply spacing out that an employee can do before its time to find a new job. The July 2005 AOL/Salary.com study on Wasted Time At Work revealed that the average American worker admitted to frittering away 2.09 hours per 8-hour workday, not including lunch and scheduled break-time. However, employees expressed that they are not always to blame for this wasted time. 33.2% of respondents cited lack of work as their biggest reason for wasting time. #5 Inadequate Benefits Percent Responding: 16.9% The insurance premiums I pay cut deep into my paycheck. Results recently released from Salary.coms 2005 Small Business Basic Medical Coverage Survey show that nearly 90% of small businesses are paying more this year than last year for basic medical insurance for their employees. And these soaring healthcare costs are forcing small businesses, in many instances, to adopt measures that lower employee take-home pay. This has spurred some employees to start looking for work elsewhere, perhaps at companies offering more generous employer contributions towards the cost of basic medical coverage. Use the Benefits Tab of the Salary Wizard ® Calculator to see how your benefits stack up. #6 Inadequate Opportunities for Professional Development Percent Responding: 15.3% Im probably too experienced and educated for this organization. 15.3% of dissatisfied employees feel as if they have reached the pinnacle of their professional development at the company at which they are currently employed. Whether they are leaving to further their education, start their own business, or find a job that promises more professional growth, opportunity for professional development proves to be an important factor in retaining and satisfying employees. #7 Insufficient Job Security Percent Responding: 11.8% My job is being outsourced to Mexico and Asia. Insufficient job security is a result of a variety of different factors, including outsourcing, industry decline, lack of profits, competitive threats, and rumors that the company may be sold. The survey results indicated that many employees are searching for new jobs in response to the fact, or rumor, that their company or job is going under. Many of the 11.8% of respondents who cited insufficient job security as their top reason for leaving lack confidence in upper managements ability to save the company. #8 Undesirable Impact on Health or Stress Level Percent Responding: 10.5% This is bad for my health- my knees are hurting due to 12 hour shifts. Many employees are working long, hard hours and are finally realizing the effect that their job is having on their overall health and stress level. Some of these employees are opting to leave the workforce entirely, while others are in search of a job that wont give them an ulcer. #9 Poor Relations with Management Percent Responding: 10% Management is incompetent, clueless, overcompensated, abusive, hostile and predatory. Bosses everywhere, beware! Your employees are watching you and may leave because of your behavior. Even though poor relations with management ranked as the ninth most common reason unhappy employees want to leave their job, employees who dislike their boss provided us with some particularly entertaining feedback: Upper management has no spine, they are jellyfish. My boss has a diagnosed mental condition, but doesnt take his medication. My employer wants to disregard regulations and laws in order to meet company goals. My direct employer is sexist, tyrannical, and engages in extreme favoritism, cronyism, and nepotism. #10 Undesirable Commute Percent Responding: 9% My cost of gas versus my hourly income equals my net pay. Rising gas prices have become an effective pay cut for Americas commuters, and many are starting to think about leaving their job for something closer to home. Assuming that individual and company goals are met, employees can expect a salary increase of about 3.7% this year. They can also expect to pour 3.3% of their salary down the gas tank, virtually wiping out that increase. In fact, while salaries are rising 3.7% year over year, commuting costs have risen 50% in the last year.

Essay examples --

Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data. First we will begin my defining just what qualitative and quantitative data is. Qualitative data is data that can be observed, but not measured. It also deals with descriptions of variables: color, appearance, taste, etc. It is characterized by no numerical values. Quantitative data is data that can be measured. It deals with numbers: length, weight, time, etc. â€Å"While the goals of some data collection may be exclusively qualitative or quantitative, in many cases both are desirable (O’Rourke & O’Rourke, 2000).† For qualitative observations, researchers watch and record whatever seems interesting to them. The people and animals that are observed in these research experiments are called participants and subjects. The locations of the observations are called study sites. Researchers tend to rely on gatekeepers, or informants, in their observations. There are six different types of qualitative observations: participant observations, ethnographic observations, case studies, archaeological data, focus groups, and naturalistic animal studies. â€Å"Qualitative research within development faces particular challenges as it is often conducted by researchers either not socialized in a discipline such as anthropology or sociology, which has clear guidelines for fieldwork and note taking, or so resource constrained as to be unable to follow them (Camfield & Palmer-Jones, 2013).† For quantitative direct observations, they exist in numbers and conditions so that they can be counted. The number may be an actual value, test score, or may reflect an arbitrary value. These observations are conducted by researchers counting the frequency of one or more variables and these observations ar... ...When this takes place, it again reduces the validity of the observation. Even though there are many advantages and disadvantages to self-reporting, no other method would collect the same detailed, in-depth information from participants. References: Camfield, Laura & Palmer-Jones, Richard. Improving the quality of development research: What could archiving qualitative data for reanalysis and revisiting research sites contribute? Progress in Developmental Studies. Oct2013, Vol. 13 Issue 4, p343-338. Ellis, L., Walsh, A., & Hartley, R. D. (2010). Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. O’Rourke, Thomas W. & O’Rourke, Diane P. Bridging the qualitative-quantitative data canyon. American Journal of Health Studies. 2000, Vol.16 Issue 1, p52-54.

Child Maltreatment Essay -- Social Issues, Child Abuse

Child maltreatment is a widespread issue that affects thousands of children every year. There are four common types of child maltreatment; sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. All of these types of abuse are very serious and can have many consequences for the children and families. The most common consequence of severe child maltreatment is the removal of that child from their home (Benbenishty, Segev, Surkis, and Elias, 2002). Most social workers trying to determine the likelihood of removal evaluate the type and severity of abuse, as well as the child’s relationship with their parents (Benbenishty et al., 2002). When children are removed from their homes there are many options of alternative housing. The places they are allowed to live are a relative’s home, foster home, or a group home. In a study of children removed from their homes, 68% went to a foster home rather than a relative or another form of alternative housing (Faller, 1991). Reunification with a parent is the most common goal that is set forth by Child Protective Services even though recurrent abuse is likely to happen based upon the prior type of abuse and the age of the child (Connell et al., 2009). Child maltreatment is becoming a prevalent problem that has numerous consequences for both the child and family. The Center of Disease Control and prevention defines child abuse as any act or series of events that results in harm, potential harm or threatens the child’s safety (Webb, 2007). While many people believe that child maltreatment is simply physical many other forms of maltreatment occur; sexual abuse, neglect and abandonment are also common forms of abuse. Domestic Violence is also included in the definition of child maltre... ...l parents as soon as the home is safe again. For some cases recurrent maltreatment occurs when the child is reunified with the biological parents or original caregivers. Children who are abused can display behavioral problems which can impact many areas in their life. They tend to act out at school and have low academic performance (Webb, 2007). They may also internalize their behavior by becoming depressed and showing symptoms of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Child maltreatment not only affects the child that is being abused, but the family system as well. Some acts of child abuse can be prosecuted with criminal charges which could result in jail time and other serious punishments. Children show the affects of their maltreatment throughout their life through their behaviors. Child abuse is a serious problem that needs to be prohibited by all agencies.

Cyp 3.1

cyp 3. 1 P47 2. 2 Explain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factors. Lack of finances – economic factor (parents may be unemployed) – The child will miss out on additional opportunities by not being able to attend after school activities such as swimming/music lessons, sports activities (tennis, football, gymnastics) or extra tuition. – Affecting social, emotional, physical, intellectual development. Inadequate housing poverty – Poor housing conditions may affect the child’s health and chances of developing through play if they live in a small over crowded house.The house may have damp (mould) not enough finances to provide adequate heating in the winter months, which will affect the child’s health. Lack of or unsuitable furniture/equipment – The child may not have a proper bed or blankets this will affect the child’s health if they cannot get enough rest/sleep, no safety equipment f or babies/young children – stair gate, plug socket covers etc†¦ which could cause the baby/child to have accidents or come to physical harm.Community social factor – Living in built up Inner city areas where there is antisocial or challenging behaviour within the community – parents may feel it is unsafe for their child to play in the community, the child may become involved through peer pressure to join the group/gang. There may not be sufficient local facilities for the parent to participate in activities with their child. The social infrastructure maybe lacking . e. g. play group’s, playgrounds, community halls where after school clubs are held.Diet personal choices – Lack of finance may mean that the child is not being provided with a sufficiently healthy nutritional diet. Low income families may buy foods that are a lot cheaper such as processed foods, these foods have higher levels of fat, salt and sugar – this can lead to poor co ncentration, lack of energy, obesity and many health problems. Education – Again lack of finances might lead to the child falling behind in their education – lack of study books or equipment, no access to the nternet – helping with their homework/research. Parents may not be able to afford school trips so the child may be affected emotionally and socially, feeling isolated or alienated from peers. Motivation and aspirations – The child/parent may feel despair living in inadequate housing conditions as well as the struggle of financial difficulties, may lead to anxiety, depression for child or parent, affecting the child’s motivation to learn and thrive in education.Lack of adequate parenting skills – Not encouraging their child to develop, not reading to the child, not engaging in activities that interest the child, not communicating with their child or others in the right manner (aggressive, shouting, swearing, ignoring or degrading) or par ents with antisocial behaviour, will leave the child feeling inadequate, having low self esteem, poor emotional, social and communication development. Addictions – The child may grow up in a vulnerable household where parents may be alcoholics or drug abusers, this will cause further financial problems for the family unit.The way in which the addicted parent cares for their child will have a detrimental affect on the child’s development as they will be incapable of providing a stable, nurturing and safe environment for their child. As the parent is consumed with their addiction they may neglect the child’s physical, emotional and intellectual needs. The child may take on the role of the main carer of the family (younger siblings as well as the parent) as the parent is incapacitated by their addiction.

Mental Health Care for Latin Americans Essay

Abstract The Hispanic population in the United States has rapidly increased over the last decade and is underrepresented and cared for in mental health services. By understanding their culture and learning about the environment they live in therapists can better meet the patient’s needs. This paper covers Historical content, Family structure, Education, Rates of Psychiatric Disorders symptoms, and what to do as a therapist for Latino/Hispanic clients. Also discussed will be some research showing patterns of mental health changes between Hispanics that were born in America and those that were born in South America. This paper shouldn’t end your study in this area but serve as a motivator for further education. Mental Health Care for Latin Americans and Hispanic Americans When learning to counsel Latin/Hispanic Americans it is important to know a few facts about their culture and rates of mental illness. There are a few cultural bonds shared be Latin/Hispanic Americans. One of the biggest bonds is the Spanish language. The Spanish language and culture are common bonds for many Hispanic Americans, regardless of whether they trace their ancestry to Africa, Asia, Europe, or the Americas. The immigrant experience is another common bond. Nevertheless, Hispanic Americans are very heterogeneous in the circumstances of their migration and in other characteristics. To understand their mental health needs, it is important to examine both the shared and unique experiences of different groups of Hispanic Americans. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of the Hispanic/ Latin American population is its rapid growth. In the 2000 census the number of Hispanics counted rose to 35. 3 million, roughly equal to the number of African Americans (U. S. Census Bureau, 2001a). In fact, census projections indicate that by 2050, the number of Latinos will increase to 97 million; this number will constitute nearly one-fourth of the U. S. population. Projections for the proportion of Hispanic youth are even higher. It is predicted that nearly one-third of those under 19 years of age will be Hispanic by 2050 (Spencer & Hollmann, 1998). Persons of Mexican origin comprise the largest proportion of Latinos (almost two-thirds), with the remaining third distributed primarily among persons of Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Central American origin, (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001b). It is noteworthy that nearly two-thirds of Hispanics (64 %) were born in the United States (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000c). Another common bond is migration or immigration. Puerto Ricans began arriving in large numbers on the U. S. mainland after World War II as Puerto Rico’s population increased. High unemployment among displaced agricultural workers on the island also led to large-scale emigration to the mainland United States that continued through the 1950s and 1960s. In the 1980s, the migration pattern became more circular as many Puerto Ricans chose to return to the island. One distinctive characteristic of Puerto Rican migration is that the second Organic Act, or Jones Act, of 1917 granted Puerto Ricans U. S. citizenship. Although Cubans came to the United States in the second half of the 19th century and in the early part of the 20th century, the greatest influx of Cuban immigrants began after Fidel Castro overthrew the Fulgencio Batista government in 1959. First, an elite group of Cubans came, but immigration continued with people making the dangerous crossing to the United States by makeshift watercraft (Bernal & Shapiro, 1996). Some of these immigrants, such as the educated professionals who came to the United States during the early phase of Cuban migration, have become well established, where-as others who arrived with few economic resources are less so. Unlike immigrants from several other countries, many Cubans have gained access to citizenship and federal support through their status as political refugees. Central Americans are the newest Latino subgroup in the United States. Many Central Americans fled their countries â€Å"por la situacion†, a phrase that refers to the political terror and atrocities in their homelands. Although the specific social, historical, and political contexts differ in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua, conflicts in those countries led to a significant immigration of their citizens. About 21 percent of foreign-born Central Americans arrived in the United States between 1970 and 1979, and the bulk (about 70 %) arrived between 1980 and 1990 (Farias, 1994). The circumstances that caused various Hispanic groups to migrate greatly influence their experience in the United States. Cubans fled a Communist government, and, as a result, the U. S. Government has provided support through refugee or entrant status, work permits (Gil & Vega, 1996), and citizenship. More than half (51 %) of Cuban immigrants have become U. S. citizens, compared to only 15 percent of Mexican immigrants (U. S. Census Bureau, 1998). Puerto Ricans, whether born on the mainland or in Puerto Rico, are by definition U. S. citizens and, as a result, have access to government-sponsored support services. However many Central American immigrants are not recognized as political refugees, despite the fact that the war-related trauma and terror that preceded their immigration may place them at high risk for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and may make adjustment to their new home more difficult. Many Latinos who arrive without proper documentation have difficulty obtaining jobs or advancing in them and live with the chronic fear of deportation. Finally, many Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Central Americans, and recent Cuban immigrants come as unskilled laborers or displaced agricultural workers who lack the social and economic resources to ease their adjustment. Hispanics are highly concentrated in the U. S. Southwest In 2000, 60 percent lived in five Southwestern States (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Texas). Approximately half of all Hispanic Americans live in two States, California and Texas (U. S. Census Bureau, 2001b). While many Southwestern Latinos are recent immigrants, others are descendants of Mexican and Spanish settlers who lived in the territory before it belonged to the United States. Some of these descendants, particularly those in New Mexico and Colorado, refer to themselves as â€Å"Hispanos. † More recent immigrants from Mexico and Central America are drawn to the Southwest because of its proximity to their home countries, its employment opportunities, and its established Latino communities, which can help them, find jobs. Outside the Southwest, New York, Florida, and Illinois are home to the largest concentrations of Hispanics. New York has 8. 1 percent, Florida, 7. 6 percent, and Illinois, 4. 3 percent of all the Latinos estimated to reside in the United States in 2000 (U. S. Census Bureau, 2001b). Two-thirds of Puerto Ricans on the mainland live in New York and New Jersey, and two-thirds of Cuban Americans live in Florida (Population Reference Bureau, 2000). Although specific subgroups of Latinos are associated with specific geographical regions, important demographic shifts have resulted in the increased visibility of Latinos throughout the United States. From 1990 to 2000, Latinos more than doubled in number in the following six states: Arkansas (170 %), Nevada (145 %), North Carolina (129 %), Georgia (120 %), Nebraska (108 %), and Tennessee (105 %) (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000c). Of the six States, Nevada is the only one located in a region with traditionally high concentrations of Latinos. Thus, in addition to growing in numbers, Hispanic Americans are spreading throughout the United States. Latinos are often referred to as family oriented (Sabogal et al. , 1987). It is important to note that familism is as much a reflection of social processes as of cultural practice (Lopez & Guarnaccia, 2000). Specifically, the shared experience of immigrating to a new land or of experiencing difficult social conditions in one’s homeland can promote adherence to family ties. In many cases, family connections facilitate survival and adjustment. The importance of family can be seen in Hispanic living arrangements. Although family characteristics vary by Latino subgroups, as a whole, Latinos, like Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, are most likely to live in family households and least likely to live alone. In addition, children (especially the females) tend to remain in the family until they marry Overall, Hispanics have less formal education than the national average. Of Latinos over 25 years of age, only 56 percent have graduated from high school, and only 11 percent have graduated from college. Nationally, 83 percent and 25 percent of the same age group have graduated from high school and college respectively (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000b). Hispanics’ educational attainment is related to their place of birth. In 1999, only 44 percent of foreign-born Hispanic adults 25 years and older were high school graduates, compared to 70 percent of U. S. -born Hispanic adults (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000b). The dropout rate for foreign-born Hispanics ages 16 to 24 is more than twice the dropout rate for U. S. -born Hispanics in the same age range (Kaufman et al. , 1999). A recent study of middle school Latino students questions why foreign-born adolescents and adults have the worst educational outcomes (C. Suarez-Orozco & M. Suarez-Orozco, 1995). The study concluded that recent immigrants from Mexico and El Salvador had at least the same, or in some cases greater motivation to achieve than white or U. S. -born Mexican American students. The educational achievement of three of the main Hispanic subgroups reveals further variability. Cubans have the highest percentage of formally educated people. Of persons over 25 years of age, 70 percent of Cuban Americans have graduated from high school, whereas 64 percent of Puerto Ricans and 50 percent of Mexican Americans have graduated from high school (U. S.Census Bureau, 2000d). Moreover, one-fourth of Cuban Americans have graduated from college, which is identical to the college graduation rate of Americans overall. In contrast, Puerto Rican and Mexican-origin adults have lower college graduation rates, 11 percent and 7 percent respectively. Although Latinos as a group have poorer educational outcomes than other ethnic groups, there is sufficient variability to offer hope for them to catch up. Another shared area is income. The economic status of three of the main subgroups parallels their educational status. Cuban Americans are more affluent in standing than Puerto Ricans and Mexican Americans, as reflected in median family incomes (Cubans, $39,530; Puerto Ricans, $28,953; Mexicans, $27,883), the percentage of persons below the poverty line (Puerto Ricans, 31 %; Mexicans, 27 %; Cubans, 14 %) and the unemployment rates of persons 16 years and older (Puerto Ricans, 7 %; Mexicans, 7 %; Cubans, 5 %) (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000d). The current income levels of the Latino subgroups are also related to the political and historical circumstances of their immigration. Elite Cuban immigrants have contributed in part to the relatively strong economic status of Cuban Americans. Their experience, however, stands in stark contrast to that of Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, and Central Americans, most of who came to the United States as unskilled laborers. Historical and Sociocultural Factors That Relate to Mental Health Historical and sociocultural factors suggest that, as a group, Latinos are in great need of mental health services. Latinos, on average, have relatively low educational and economic status. In addition, historical and social subgroup differences create differential needs within Latino groups. Central Americans may be in particular need of mental health services given the trauma experienced in their home countries. Puerto Rican and Mexican American children and adults may be at a higher risk than Cuban Americans for mental health problems, given their lower educational and economic resources. Recent immigrants of all backgrounds, who are adapting to the United States, are likely to experience a different set of stressors than long-term Hispanic residents. Key Issues for Understanding the Research Much of our current understanding of the mental health status of Latinos, particularly among adult populations, is derived from epidemiological studies of prevalence rates of mental disorders, diagnostic entities established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The advantage of focusing on rates of disorders is that such findings can be compared with and contrasted to findings from studies in other domains (e. g. , clinical studies) using the same diagnostic criteria. Although there are several advantages to examining DSM-based clinical data, there are at least three disadvantages. One limitation is that individuals may experience considerable distress-a level of distress that disrupts their daily functioning-but the symptoms associated with the distress fall short of a given diagnostic threshold. So, if only disorder criteria are used, some individuals’ need for mental health care may not be recognized. A second disadvantage is that the current definitions of the diagnostic entities have little flexibility to take into account culturally patterned forms of distress and disorder. As a result, disorders in need of treatment may not be recognized or may be mislabeled. A third limitation is that most of the epidemiological studies using the disorder-based definitions are conducted in community household surveys. They fail to include nonhousehold members, such as persons without homes or those who reside in institutions. Because of these limitations, it is important to broaden the review of research on mental health needs to include not only studies that report on disorders but include high-need populations not usually included in household-based surveys. Mental Disorders Adults A study found that Mexican Americans and white Americans had very similar rates of psychiatric disorders (Robins & Regier, 1991). However, when the Mexican American group was separated into two sub-groups, those born in Mexico and those born in the United States, it was found that those born in the United States had higher rates of depression and phobias than those born in Mexico (Burnam et al. , 1987). The study found that relative to whites, Mexican Americans had fewer lifetime disorders overall and fewer anxiety and substance use disorders. Like some other findings, Mexican Americans born outside the United States were found to have lower prevalence rates of any lifetime disorders than Mexican Americans born in the United States. Relative to whites, the lifetime prevalence rates did not differ for Puerto Ricans, or for â€Å"Other Hispanics. † However, the sample sizes of the latter two subgroups were quite small, thus limiting the statistical power to detect group differences (Ortega et al. , 2000). A third study examined rates of psychiatric disorders in a large sample of Mexican Americans residing in Fresno County, California (Vega et al. , 1998). This study found that the lifetime rates of mental disorders among Mexican American immigrants born in Mexico were remarkably lower than the rates of mental disorders among Mexican Americans born in the United States. Overall, approximately 25 percent of the Mexican immigrants had some disorder (including both mental disorders and substance abuse), whereas 48 percent of the U. S. -born Mexican Americans had a disorder (Vega et al. , 1998). Furthermore, the length of time that these Latinos had spent in the United States appeared to be an important factor in the development of mental disorders. Immigrants who had lived in the United States for at least 13 years had higher prevalence rates of disorders than those who had lived in the United States fewer than 13 years (Vega et al. , 1998). It is interesting to note that the mental disorder prevalence rates of U. S. -born Mexican Americans closely resembled the rates among the general U.S. population. In contrast, the Mexican-born Fresno residents’ lower prevalence rates were similar to those found in a Mexico City study (e. g. , for any affective disorder: Fresno, 8 %, Mexico City, 9 %) (Caraveo-Anduaga et al. , 1999). Together, the results from the ECA, the NCS, and the Fresno studies suggest that Mexican-born Latinos have better mental health than do U. S. -born Mexican Americans and the national sample overall. A similar pattern has been found in other sets of studies. One study examined the mental health of Mexicans and Mexican Americans who were seen in family practice settings in two towns equidistant from the Mexican border (Hoppe et al. , 1991). This investigation found that 8 percent of the Mexican American participants had experienced a lifetime episode of depression, whereas only 4 percent of Mexican participants had experienced depression. The most striking finding from the set of adult epidemiological studies using diagnostic measures is that Mexican immigrants, Mexican immigrants who lived fewer than 13 years in the United States, or Puerto. Ricans who resided on the island of Puerto Rico had lower prevalence rates of depression and other disorders than did Mexican Americans who were born in the United States, Mexican immigrants who lived in the United States 13 years or more, or Puerto Ricans who lived on the mainland. This consistent pattern of findings across independent investigators, different sites, and two Latino subgroups (Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans) suggests that factors associated with living in the United States are related to an increased risk of mental disorders. Some authors have interpreted these findings as suggesting that acculturation may lead to an increased risk of mental disorders e. g. , Vega et al. , 1998. The limitation of this explanation is that none of the noted epidemiological studies directly tested whether acculturation and prevalence rates are indeed related. At best, place of birth and numbers of years living in the United States are proxy measures of acculturation. However, acculturation is a complex process (LaFromboise et al. , 1993); it is not clear what aspect or aspects of acculturation could be related to higher rates of disorders. Is it the changing cultural values and practices, the stressors associated with such changes, or negative encounters with American institutions (e. g. , schools or employers) that cause some of the different prevalence rates (Betancourt & Lopez, 1993)? Before acculturation can be accepted as an explanation for this observed pattern of findings, it is important that direct tests of specific acculturation processes be carried out and that alternative explanations for these findings be ruled out. More research would be especially helpful in identifying the key predictors of Latinos’ mental health and mental illness. Older Adults Few studies have examined the mental health status of older Hispanic American adults. A study of 703 Los Angeles area Hispanics age 60 or above found over 26 percent had major depression or dysphoria. Depression was related to physical health; only 5. 5 percent of those without physical health complications reported depression (Kemp et al. , 1987). Similar findings associated chronic health conditions and disability with depressive symptoms in a sample of 2,823 older community-dwelling Mexican Americans (Black et al. , 1998). The findings from in-home interviews of 2,723 Mexican Americans age 65 or older in Southwestern communities revealed a relationship between low blood pressure and higher levels of depressive symptomatology (Stroup-Benham et al. , 2000). These data are somewhat difficult to interpret. Given the fact that somatic symptoms (e. g. , difficulty sleeping and loss of appetite) are related to poor health, these studies could simply document that these somatic symptoms are elevated among older Hispanics who are ill. On the other hand, presence of physical illness is also related to depression. Taken together, these findings indicate that older Latin/Hispanics who have health problems may be at risk for depression. Furthermore, a recent study suggests that the risk for Alzheimer’s disease may be higher among Latin/Hispanic Americans than among white Americans (Tang et al. , 1998). Symptoms The early epidemiological studies of Latinos/Hispanics examined the number of symptoms, not the number of mental disorders, reported by groups of Latin/ Hispanic Americans, and in some cases compared them to the number of symptoms reported by white Americans. Much of this research found that Latinos/Hispanics had higher rates of depression or distress than whites Frerichs et al. , 1981. In a large-scale study of Latin/ Hispanics Americans, Cuban Americans (Narrow et al. , 1990) and Mexican Americans (Moscicki et al. , 1989) were found to have lower rates of depressive symptoms than Puerto Ricans from the New York City metropolitan area Moscicki et al. , 1987; Potter et al. , 1995. In another line of inquiry, Latin/Hispanic American mothers who have children with mental retardation were found to report high levels of depressive symptomatology. It is important to note that measures of symptoms may reflect actual disorders that may not be measured in a given study, as well as general distress associated with social stressors but not necessarily associated with disorders. Two studies provide evidence that depressive symptom indices used with Latinos tend to measure distress more than disorder. In one study, rates of depressive symptoms were found to be similar among poor Puerto Ricans living in New York City and in Puerto Rico (Vera et al. , 1991), even though earlier analyses indicated different rates of major depression for the two samples Canino et al., 1987; Moscicki et al. , 1987. In the second study, symptoms of depression were less related to diagnosis of depression for those Hispanics who were economically disadvantaged than for those Hispanics more socially advantaged (Cho et al. , 1993). If an index of depressive symptoms were an indicator of both general distress and disorder, then that index would have been related to a diagnosis of depression for both economically advantaged and disadvantaged samples. Culture-Bound Syndromes DSM-IV recognizes the existence of culturally related syndromes, referred to in the appendix of DSM as culture-bound syndromes. Relevant examples of these syndromes for Latin/Hispanic Americans are â€Å"susto† (fright), â€Å"nervios† (nerves), and â€Å"mal de ojo† (evil eye). One expression of distress that is most commonly associated with Caribbean Latinos but has been recognized in other Latinos as well is â€Å"ataques de nervios† (Guarnaccia et al. , 1989). Symptoms of an ataque de nervios include screaming uncontrollably, crying, trembling, and verbal or physical aggression. Dissociative experiences, seizure-like or fainting episodes, and suicidal gestures are also prominent in some ataques. In one study carried out in Puerto Rico, researchers found that 14 percent of the population reported having had ataques (Guarnaccia et al. , 1993). Furthermore, in detailed interviews of 121 individuals living in Puerto Rico (78 of who had had an ataque), experiencing these symptoms was related to major life problems and subsequent psychological suffering (Guarnaccia et al. , 1996). There is value in identifying specific culture-bound syndromes such as ataques de nervios because it is critical to recognize the existence of conceptions of distress and illness outside traditional psychiatric classification systems. These are often referred to as popular, lay, or common sense conceptions of illness or illness behavior (Koss-Chioino & Canive, 1993). Some of these popular conceptions may have what appear to be definable boundaries, while others are more fluid and cut across a wide range of symptom clusters. For example, many people of Mexican origin apply the more general concept of nervios to distress that is not associated with DSM disorders, as well as to distress that is associated with anxiety disorders, depressive disorders (Salgado de Snyder et al., 2000), and schizophrenia (Jenkins, 1988). Though it is valuable for researchers and clinicians alike to learn about specific culture-bound syndromes, it is more important that they assess variable local representations of illness and distress. The latter approach casts a wider net around understanding the role of culture in illness and distress. In the following quote, Koss-Chioino (1992) (page 198) points out that a given presenting problem can have multiple levels of interpretation: the mental health view, the folk healing view (in this case, spiritist), and the patient’s view. The same woman, during one episode of illness, may experience â€Å"depression† in terms of hallucinations, poor or excessive appetite, memory problems, and feelings of sadness or depression, if she presents to a mental health clinic; or, alternatively, in terms of â€Å"backaches,† â€Å"leg aches,† and â€Å"fear,† if she attends a Spiritist session. However, she will probably experience headaches, sleep disturbances, and nervousness regardless of the resource she uses. If we encounter her at the mental health clinic, she may explain her distress as due to disordered or out-of-control mind, behavior, or lifestyle. In the Spiritist session she will probably have her distress explained as an â€Å"obsession. † And if we encounter her before she seeks help from either of these treatment resources, she may describe her problems as due to difficulties with her husband or children. Individuals with Alcohol and Drug Problems Studies have consistently shown that rates of substance abuse are linked with rates of mental disorders (Kessler et al. , 1996). Most studies of alcohol use among Hispanics indicate that rates of use are either similar to or slightly below those of whites (Kessler et al. , 1994). However, two factors influence these rates. First, gender differences in rates of Latinos’ use are often greater than the gender differences observed between whites. Latinas are particularly unlikely to use alcohol or drugs (Gilbert, 1987). In some cases, Latino men are more likely to use substances than white men. For example, in the Los Angeles ECA study, Mexican American men (31 %) had significantly higher rates of alcohol abuse and dependence than non-Hispanic white men (21 %). In addition, more alcohol-related problems have been found among Mexican American men than among white men (Cunradi et al., 1999). A second factor associated with Latinos’ rates of substance abuse is place of birth. In the Fresno study (Vega et al. , 1998), rates of substance abuse were much higher among U. S. -born Mexican Americans compared to Mexican immigrants. Specifically, substance abuse rates were seven times higher among U. S. -born women compared to immigrant women. For men, the ratio was 2 to 1. U. S. -born Mexican American youth also had higher rates of substance abuse than Mexican-born youth (Swanson et al. , 1992). The study of mental disorders and substance abuse among Latinos suggests two specific types of strengths that Latinos may have. First, as noted, Latino adults who are immigrants have lower prevalence rates of mental disorders than those born in the United States. Among the competing explanations of these findings is that Latino immigrants may be particularly resilient in the face of the hardships they encounter in settling in a new country. If this is the case, then the identification of what these immigrants do to reduce the likelihood of mental disorders could be of value for all Americans. One of many possible factors that might contribute to their resilience is what Suarez-Orozco and Suarez-Orozco (1995) refer to as a â€Å"dual frame of reference. † Investigators found that Latino immigrants in middle-school frequently used their families back home as reference points in assessing their lives in the United States. Given that the social and economic conditions are often much worse in their homelands than in the United States, they may experience less distress in handling the stressors of their daily lives than those who lack such a basis of comparison. U. S. -born Latinos are more likely to compare themselves with their peers in the United States. Suarez-Orozco and Suarez-Orozco argue that these Latino children are more aware of what they do not have and thus may experience more distress. A second factor noted by the Suarez-Orozcos that might be related to the resilience of Latino immigrants is their high aspiration to succeed. Particularly noteworthy is that many Latinos want to succeed in order to help their families, rather than for their own personal benefit. Because the Suarez-Orozcos did not include measures of mental health, it is not certain whether their observations about school achievement apply to mental health. Nevertheless, a dual frame of reference and collective achievement goals are part of a complex set of psychological, cultural, and social factors that may explain why some Latino immigrants function better than Latinos of later generations. A second type of strength noted in the literature is how Latino families cope with mental illness. Guarnaccia and colleagues (1992) found that some families draw on their spirituality to cope with a relative’s serious mental illness. Strong beliefs in God give some family members a sense of hope. For example, in reference to her brother’s mental illness, one of the informants commented: We all have an invisible doctor that we do not see, no? This doctor is God. Always when we go in search of a medicine, we go to a doctor, but we must keep in mind that this doctor is inspired by God and that he will give us something that will help us. We must also keep in mind that who really does the curing is God, and that God can cure us of anything that we have, material or spiritual. (p. 206) Jenkins (1988) found that many Mexican Americans attributed their relatives’ schizophrenia to nervios, a combination of both physical and emotional ailments. An important point here is that nervios implies that the patient is not blameworthy, and thus family members are less likely to be critical. Previous studies from largely non-Hispanic samples have found that both family criticism and family blame and criticism together (Lopez et al., 1999) are associated with relapse in patients with schizophrenia. Mexican American families living with a relative who has schizophrenia are not only less likely to be critical, but also those who are Spanish-speaking immigrants have been found to be high in warmth. This is important because those patients who returned from a hospital stay to a family high in warmth were less likely to relapse than those who returned to families low in warmth. Thus, Mexican American families’ warmth may help protect the relative with schizophrenia from relapse. The spirituality of Latino families, their conceptions of mental illness and their warmth all contribute to the support they give in coping with serious mental illness. Although limited, the attention given to Latinos’ possible strengths is an important contribution to the study of Latino mental health. Strengths are protective factors against distress and disorder and can be used to develop interventions to prevent mental disorders and to promote well-being. Such interventions could be used to inform interventions for all Americans, not just Latinos. In addition, redirecting attention to strengths helps point out the overemphasis researchers and practitioners give to pathology, clinical entities, and treatment, rather than to health, well-being, and prevention. Availability of Mental Health Services Finding mental health treatment from Spanish-speaking providers is likely to be a problem for many Spanish-speaking Hispanics. In the 1990 census, about 40 percent of Latinos reported that they either didn’t speak English or didn’t speak English well. Thus, a significant proportion of Latinos need. Spanish-speaking mental health care providers. Presently there are no national data to indicate the language skills of the Nation’s mental health professionals. However, a few studies reveal that there are few Spanish-speaking and Latino providers. One survey of 1,507 school psychologists who carry out psychoeducational assessments of bilingual children in the eight States with the highest percentages of Latinos found that 43 percent of the psychologists identified themselves as English-speaking monolinguals (Ochoa et al. , 1996). In other words, a large number of Engli.

The Mother of a Traitor Summary

English Important Summary SAM The Mother of a Traitor This story written by Maxim Gorky Is a story of a conflict between ‘ambition' characterized by a ‘traitor' a brave but heartless son; and ‘life ‘represented and characterized by the ‘Mother of a Traitor', where the heartless son appears with power and prowess, is easily victimized in the hand and lap of a mother who is appeared in the story very ordinary developed because of the urgency of time.It also signifies through out the history, such ambitions appeared in the name of war; however, ultimately, the life got the victory over the death and human civilized continued, through such difficult hurdles. The story is a study on the underlying essence of the mothers, who are more than kind-hearted and loving, a cruel destroyer for the sake of preservation of life, for which she has especial duty imparted by the nature.Moreover, this story is another quest within human psychology, which shows there is another truth within human mind, and man is something, more than a selfish creature, which m akes one dedicated for the sake of society in the cost of the complete destruction of the selfish interests. Usually, the son is the most lovely and precious one for a mother, for which she is always ready to sacrifice any thing even her life. However, the mother sacrifices the life of her son for the preservation of the society and herself for the sake of her love to her son, in this story.To get to such truth the writer leads us (the readers) through the imagined situation for the story to develop, where the enemy has surrounded a city for several days and each and every part of the hope for life of the citizen has-been lost. There is nothing else than the shadow of death for the citizen. Gradually, the cause after such situation is revealed, the most loving son of another is leading the enemy to attack upon the city to fulfill the hunger of his ambition, without caring the old men, children, women and anything in the city.It hurts the mother extremely, who is so despised by the c itizen that, either they don't care her at all or she listens herself the mothers cursing her womb staying at the side of their slain sons. The incident of the central character Mona Mariana’s encounter with the mother of slain man, breaks and balance and intensifies the story forcing hereto take bold decision for the sake of her city where she was born, and where her forefathers spent their lives for its construction and even their bones are buried there, and which is going to be cruelly destroyed by her lovely son.First she thinks of persuading her son to cancel such evil and desires to take most difficult departure from the loving city and meet her son, the piece of her heart. She feels proud of her son, so smart, active and brave, and proudly raises her head, while listening to the enemy soldiers singing a song on his admiration. However, all of her proud on her son is sunk down, when the son didn't care at all for her feelings, in spite of his love for her. When she got tired f persuading her son, for the preservation of the city, the conflict between her love for the son and her love for the city got into the climax. Meanwhile, she looked to the city through a tend hole, which was waiting for her decision for its life's sake, like a wounded and dumb animal, she couldn't ignore the expectation of the city for its life's sake. She took unexpected and drastic decision of killing her son for the sake of the preservation of the city and killed herself for the sake of her son and to remain together and to share the fate of the son.This story, which starts from the conflict within the mind of a mother ends at the solution of the problem at the cost of the life of a traitor and his mother. On the other hand the wounded and hopeless city gets life and lives new life after the end of the story. The effective images used there, make this story, successful, in terms of attaching the readers with the situation and giving the experience of both hopeless citizen and the mother in the difficulty of her mental conflict. The images used in the first part of the story, which gives the picture of the despaired city as if it is such a small and tender reature within the jaws of dreadful animal, which can be crushed down at any moment without any hope of support of averting such inevitable destruction at any moment. The story is rich with symbol and images, which can easily attach the audience (readers) emotionally to the story: particularly, the image of the city in the dark night like a prey between the jaws of enemy at the initial part, and the image of the city as a dumb and wounded animal at the succeeding part, are successful to make the audience feel with or identify with the central character and motivate them be sacrificed if needed for the sake of their country and society.Knowledge and Wisdom This short prose piece, written by Bertrand Russell, criticizes the general and superficial sayings on the terms ‘Knowledge' and ‘Wis dom', and illustrates concretely, going deep to make the meanings of these terms. In this highly complicated world of science and technology, people say knowledge insufficient and wisdom is no longer possible and needed. The writer asserts this saying doesn't contain the truth because the real meaning of wisdom doesn’t agree with such easy-going meanings.According to him, ‘Wisdom ‘means sense of proportion, in other words, it is giving equal importance to every aspect of a problem. Similarly, Wisdom Includes both knowing the things of distance in time and place (widening the horizon of mind), as well as giving place for them the level of feelings. It is a process of developing the capability of taking the things at the level of feelings. Having wisdom is developing the impartiality within us, being free from the limitation of here and now created by our selfish and physical senses within us.It is the process of emancipating the innate capacity of the mind, keeping it above the disturbances of the sensual perceptions. The development of the wisdom is not extraordinary activities like that of some sages; rather it accords with our natural growth, as the mental horizon of the newly born child keeps on growing, wisdom also keeps on developing. Now, the science is not   able to yield expected success and result, because of the lack of the wisdom.A scientist applies whole of his life and energy, in the quest of some truth and discoveries, he has very little time to think about its bad results. Therefore, the boon of modern medicine has been changed into the cause of over population and scarce of food, and the alternative source of energy, the nuclear physics has been used to make the destructive bomb. Therefore, along with the advancement at the sector of science and technology, the wisdom is equally necessary and needed.Moreover, it should be one of the objectives of modern education system. Use and Misuse of Science This prose piece, written b y Cyril Garbett is an attempt to give the solution of the most burning problem of the modern age, the massive destructive result because of misuse of modern science, while science itself is the boon for the life at present. The evil result of the science is also not beyond the Human understanding.There is ethical principle within everyone in this world, which should be manifested and it should be made able to control the activities of science and discoveries, especially while the negative results are foresighted. Then only the good result, the boon of the modern science is justified. Otherwise, the drastic change, which the modern science has brought into the life of billions of people, which was the privilege of the few within a few decades ago, remains within the shadow of the misuse and destructive result of the science and technology.There are many examples, which make us proud for the advantages brought into our life, at the sector of communication, transportation, medicine, ed ucation, and so on, which have not only made our living longer, and comfortable but also deepened the quality of our life. Still due to the misuse of the science we are always living under the shadow of death and destruction, for which this age has surpassed to all the previous ages, with the nuclear bombs, with their capacity of claiming the destruction of this earth more than seven times at once.Beauty While reading the essay on Beauty by American feminist writer Susan Sontag, It seems she is trying to create such human society which stays above the discrimination of Male and Female, imposed upon traditionally. Moreover, it is useless and senseless to delimit human being restricting from complete development, including the qualities, which are supposed only for male and only for female. It seems it is needless to differentiate betweenmale and female except few of the natural duty.Otherwise, whatever thequalities have been imposed upon Male and Female are not appropriate withthe mo dern time. Most importantly, the Male should be free from the wrong concept thatdelimit him from some of the essential qualities of life, as softness, wisdom,sensitivities, politeness and it is needless for him to remain always proud,and prowess as well as harsh. Similarly, for the Female it is needless to remain always,   weak, soft, indecisive, immature, bodily and fragmented.These attributes particularly for the male and female are not natural but of the social product, produced at a certain stage of history, which automatically changes and must be changed along the course of time. This assay beauty, reflects the spirit of modern feminist movement, and reveals a truth that the narrow-minded and imbalanced interest of male chauvinism has manipulated even the language and word as ‘beauty', for which the females are not aware of and are always living the incomplete and superficial life depending on the male. Language is dynamic and sensitive, which is easily influenced with the sociopolitical situation.It also serves as the weapons for one group to suppress and weaken another. In this essay, ‘Beauty', the ordinary word serves as an example, which has been influenced and been deviated a lot from its original meaning and is being widely used as the veil covering the underlying truth of the female. Now a beautiful female with her high intellectual, physical and spiritual capacity is taken so surprisingly, as if these capacities don's have any relation with the word beauty and it is taken as if a beautiful lady should never be so capacious in these sectors.Moreover, with the adjective ‘beautiful' for any female, we understand her always tender, superficial, dependent and weak, evaluating and admiring her physical attraction in terms of the parts of her body (so inhuman evaluation),while the correspondent term for male ‘handsome', needs complete view and complete evaluation. In reality, the word in the Greek, the root of western civilizati on, with the meaning similar to beauty, includes all the physical, intellectual and spiritual capabilities and attributes of a female and there is no such clear difference between the male and female.Therefore, there must be a mistake in some part of the History, which shrank down the meaning of beauty. At the medieval time, when Christianity had strong dominance over all through the western world, humanity had been suppressed and beauty and attraction used as the source of the evil and against God. Simultaneously, female started to be taken as the source of evil and destruction. They were thought the subject to be suppressed and always depending on the male and being the source of pleasure.Again the humanism is restored in this world; still the meaning of the word, beauty and the attitude to the female is not changed. Female are always deprived of their inborn intellectual, spiritual and physical capacities. Female are living in the false value of flatter with the term beauty. It i s a great misfortune that even the highly intellectual women and women writers are not free from such concept evaluating a female in terms of the superficial and skin-color, how an ordinary lady can be expected free from such mental snares.Paradoxically, women are praised with the false assumption that beauty is the source power, but they should be aware that this is not the power to do anything rather it is the power to stimulate the male to do something upon them, and to be completely possessed by male, and to be consumed by even at the cost of self destruction.   Custom This essay by an anthropologist, Clyde Klukhohn is an anthropological view on the human life and culture.Different than the thinkers of the other fields man anthropologist thinks human life and human civilization differently. According to him, there is something else than the biological reality and scientific advancement inevitably associated with human life in this colorful world society. It divides the human b eing into different cultural sectors. In spite of so great similarity in biological and scientific phenomenon among all the human beings in this world, some of typical behavior makes very deep and effective impact on their life.For example, Chinese dislike milk and milk products; Japanese have the Hara-kiri; some of the Koryak females like their husband to marry another wife, which is the issue of intolerance and jealousy for the female in America. Some of the people devour the meat of snake, which makes disruptive reaction for the people of other places. The children of Indiana cultural do not like to dance boys and girls together, where the physical touches, within same clan are considered as the incestuous and immoral.These differences are caused only because of the geographical and climatic differences. Though these differences seem insignificant superficially, they have great impact on one's life. One can live in the same culture where his habits have been formulated, rather th an one biological identity. If an American is brought to inner China, where the Chinese culture is imparted into his essence of life, he is more Chinese than American in spite of his blood and complexion.These customs make greater differences than the biological realities within the physical body of one individual. Understanding of human life is not complete only with the biological understanding and without the understanding such cultural differences, which are generally known as the custom. A question is asked why the world is so much diversified that one feels completely alien while going to different society, in spite of the similarities in the biological factors in our body, as well as similarities in our behavior with the science and technology.Similar question can also be asked here how the world would be in case there is single custom all-through the world. Can we make the world with single custom? What would be its result? Would the world be as beautiful, as creative, and l iving worthy as we are seeing now? No most importantly man would lose the desire to live once his/her difference is omitted or suppressed completely.

Diseased Body in Wuthering Heights Essay

In Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte it can be viewed that there is â€Å"more suffering caused by a diseased mind than by a diseased body.† The idea of a â€Å"diseased mind† is a mental illness or madness and the â€Å"diseased body† is a physical illness or injury, both of which are displayed by many characters in Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff is a prime example of a character with a â€Å"diseased mind† that causes him suffering. He spends the majority of his life contemplating and acting out revenge towards Hindley and the Lintons because he believes it was their fault Catherine thought it would â€Å"degrade† her to marry Heathcliff, even though she loved him; this is one example of his unstable mind set. In chapter 9 Nelly foreshadows the suffering of Heathcliff by saying â€Å"if you [Catherine] are his choice, he’ll be the most unfortunate creature,† this is because Nelly understands that society wouldn’t accept the pair to marry, therefore Heathcliff will be unfortunately heartbroken. Heathcliff believes that Catherine is a part of him: â€Å"I cannot live without my soul,† he says which highlights that he is suffering without her. It is from this heartbreak and suffering that his â€Å"diseased mind† commenced. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† heightens when he asks for Catherine to â€Å"haunt† him when she is dead; haunting is an element of the Gothic genre but the madness of Heathcliff is enhanced when he requests that Catherine drives him â€Å"mad.† The word â€Å"mad† is ambiguous in this quotation because it could be viewed that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is angry with Catherine so he can destroy his love for her. An alternative view is that Heathcliff wants to be haunted until he is insane and suffering since he is desperate to see Catherine, this becomes true because after Catherine’s death Heathcliff’s mind is haunted by his love for her. Jerold E. Hogle explains this is accurate because characters in Gothic novels are â€Å"haunted psychologically† and this is accurately shown through the character of Heathcliff. His mind is â€Å"diseased† by his separation from Catherine due to her choice of partner and her death, which causes him and everyone in the novel immense suffering because of his vengeance. Heathcliff’s unconditional love causes Catherine’s â€Å"melancholy† â€Å"mental state† because it is overwhelming and she is in love with him but a  Victorian society wouldn’t accept their relationship because of the Heathcliff’s very low class, which would result in them being â€Å"beggars.† Catherine has â€Å"a peculiar expression arising from her mind set† before she tells Heathcliff â€Å"you have killed me,† this highlights her â€Å"diseased mind† and the suffering it is causing her because she hasn’t died yet but it could be interpreted that she feels as though she has which emphasises her suffering, but also her madness. The â€Å"peculiar expression† that Catherine is described to have could be because she was â€Å"thinking†¦ of Wuthering Heights.† The â€Å"expression† could be interpreted as a smile, which would be â€Å"peculiar† to Nelly because she has been depressed living with Edgar, therefore a smile would be unusual; David Punter explains â€Å"Gothic reminds us we are driven by our passions† and Catherine’s passion is Heathcliff, which would explain her â€Å"expression† when thinking about Wuthering Heights. This idea of Catherine’s thought process in her â€Å"diseased mind† emphasises her pain and suffering because she cannot be without Heathcliff, her â€Å"soul,† yet she is continuously thinking about him, this is essentially what drives her insane. Catherine’s mental suffering is closely linked with her physical suffering which is an example that represents the â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights. Another character with a â€Å"diseased body† in Wuthering Heights is Isabella, whose â€Å"bruised† body is a valid example of suffering. Heathcliff’s â€Å"diseased mind† causes him to abuse Isabella which leads to her suffering and her injured body

Brutus Character Analysis Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Brutus Character Analysis William Shakespeare's play, The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, is mainly based on the assassination of Julius Caesar. The character who was in charge of the assassination was, ironically, Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Julius Caesar. But what would cause a person to kill a close friend? After examining Brutus' relationship to Caesar, his involvement in the conspiracy, and his importance to the plot, the truth can be revealed. Marcus Brutus, a servant and close friend to Caesar, has a strong relationship with Caesar but a stronger relationship with Rome and its people. Brutus is very close to Caesar. In Roman times, the only way for someone to get close to a person of high rank is if he/she is close to him/her. In many points of the play, Brutus was talking and next to Caesar. Brutus also loves Caesar but fears his power. In the early acts of the play, Brutus says to Cassius, "What means this shouting? I do fear the people do choose Caesar for their king...yet I love him well."(act 1, scene 2, ll.85-89), as he is speaking to Cassius. Brutus loves Caesar, but would not allow him to "climber-upward...He then unto the ladder turns his back..."(act 2, scene 1, ll.24,26). As the quote says, Brutus would not allow Caesar to rise to power and then turn his back onto the people of Rome. After the assassination of Julius Caesar, Brutus talks to Antony about Caesar's death. "Our hearts you see not; they are pitiful; and pity to the general wrong of Rome..."(act 3, scene 1, ll.185-186). Brutus says that Antony cannot see their(members of the conspiracy) hearts, which are full of pity. Again, this shows how Brutus loved Caesar but cared for the life of Rome and its people more. This is the only reason Brutus would conspire against Caesar. For Brutus says to himself, "I know no personal cause to spurn at him...How that might change his nature..."(act 2, scene1, ll. 1,13) Caesar's relationship with Brutus is also strong. Just allowing Brutus to speak to Caesar shows his respect for Brutus. Caesar feels that Brutus is noble to him and does the right thing regardless of personal danger. On the Ides of March, as Caesar was assassinated, Caesar's last line is: "Et tu, Brute?--Then fall, Caesar."(act 3, scene 1, l.85). This shows that Caesar would not die without Brutus' stab. Caesar realizes that there must be a noble reason for this assassination if Brutus was in it. This again shows how much Caesar respects Brutus. Brutus and Caesar both respect each other, but in different ways. Marcus Brutus had a very important role in the conspiracy against Caesar. He was the "back-bone" of the plan. According to Cassius, Brutus' main purpose in the conspiracy is for an insurance policy. The people will think, since Brutus is noble to Caesar, that there is a good reason for Caesar's assassination. Brutus will also be the leader of the conspiracy for another "insurance policy" for the assassination. Cassius is the one who declares this, "Brutus shall lead the way, and we will grace his heels with the most boldest and best hearts of Rome. "(act 3, scene 1, ll.135-136). Again, if Brutus leads the way, the people will think that the death of Julius Caesar wasn't such a bad thing. Brutus also declares to himself that his role in the conspiracy is to save Rome. He says to the people that, "If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene 2,ll.21-24). If Brutus was not in the plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, the conspiracy would probably not have worked. Since Brutus "...loved Rome more."(Act 3,scene2, ll.23-24), he decided to be a part of the conspiracy. If he hadn't loved Rome more than Caesar, he would not have joined in the assassination of Julius Caesar. Cassius and the rest of the conspirators would probably not have continued on without Brutus because they would have no "insurance" afterwards. The people would think that there was no reason for Caesar's death and most likely beheaded all the conspirators. Also,

The Art of Skill Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Art of Skill - Essay Example The camera claimed supreme ability to recreate reality, and accordingly art took different direction. Taking cues from Duchamp and Warhol, the artist Jeffrey Koons developed a style of art that was completely unreliant upon personal skill and instead relied upon reproduction and appropriation. Several reasons for the devaluing of skill in art include the rise of such artists as Koons who intentionally create art that is made without skill. Beech also states that contemporary art itself is involved in taking skills way from artists. While Beech does not view Koons in such a way of devaluing skills, I wish to argue to the contrary in part of my overall argument. Beyond Beech’s argument, I would also like to state that it is part the mass production of various artists in universities that is devaluing skill to an extent. In discussing an exhibit by Jeffrey Koons, the reviewer Lynne Cooke notes that Koons sculptures were â€Å"executed by highly skilled craftsmen in small factories in Italy working, under the supervision of the artist, to two dimensional images which Koons provided as models† (246). Notice that the reviewer states that the craftsmen were â€Å"highly skilled.† This is interesting to note, especially when considering that an artist can achieve fame without being able to create the artwork himself. The people who actually put the physical labor into creating the pieces were simply called craftsmen. In considering this, we can see how actual skill in art is held at no value. The people with the skill who were involved with the project were not artists. They simply handled the technical aspects of the creation of the pieces. Ideologically speaking, it is not necessary in any way for the artist to be skilled in any way in order to be successful. Perhaps it is because Koons i s unskilled that he is has the success to the extent that he does. Koons is by far one of the most

Jean-michel Basquiat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jean-michel Basquiat - Essay Example His artistic out-put was later described as Neo-Expressionism ( Etier, 2010), defined as :- Although he no longer lived on the streets in his later years, the graffiti influence was always there in Basquiat’s works, as was evidence of his place as part of the African diaspora. He was also a drug user and often the works were also created under the influence of drugs. His work moved on from pure graffiti into other areas, so he became hard to fit into just one category. His work ‘Flexible’(1984) has been called ‘a bridge between traditional tribal art, graffiti art and modern socio-political propaganda ‘ and so crosses many boundaries (Rakaa 2013) or acts to give these differing genres some unity. Basquiat was precocious, in that his artistic genius flourished and was recognised very early when he was still in his early twenties, especially after he participated in a joint exhibition alongside other young artists of the time in 1980 ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014), but his artistic life, his whole life, ended with his early tragic death in 1988, still in his twenties. He was considered black, yet had few black friends, and according to Hoban, did not want to be known as a black artist, but as a famous artist. With that end in mind he was driven to produce thousands of images, not only on conventional surfaces such as canvas, card and paper, but also on the easily available surfaces of a variety of found objects, such as refrigerator doors, book margins and elsewhere ( Brooklyn Museum, 2014). The word Graffiti most commonly refers to writing or drawings scribbled, scratched, or sprayed illegally on a surface in a public place. It can also be said to refer to a style or group of styles, even if produced licitly, as for instance to decorate a youth centre on even on line as in Graffiti Creator ( undated) . Some people think the art form began in New York in the late 1960s, whereas others associate it with the Second World War, but it is

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 2 Case Assignment Essay

MGT506 - Strategic Leadership, Mod 2 Case Assignment - Essay Example The success behind such unprecedented growth of SAS is attributed to the CEO of the company, Jim Goodnight. Jim Goodnight has been with the company for more than 35 years and ensured that the company grew each year without having to face any layoffs. Jim Goodnight strived for an open system for the organization with a flat structure to ensure efficient working of the company. Jim Goodnight has been considered to be one of the greatest American business leaders of the 20th century by Harvard Business School in 2004 (Stamper, 2010). The paper attempts to shed light on the leadership qualities of Jim Goodnight as a situational leader. This paper will analyze how SAS is able to prosper and continuously show growth on account of having a leader such as Jim Goodnight. Lastly, the paper would discuss whether situational leadership style is bred or born. Situational Leadership style was another style of leadership developed by Paul Hersey and Kenneth Blanchard. As the name implies, leaders falling in this category take action according to the situation. They combine elements of both autocratic and participative styles in order to achieve the desired results. This leadership style takes into account that there is no best leadership style but the best leaders are those that understand that core of the issue and take action accordingly. Thus situational leadership relies on the external environment heavily which includes not just the people within the team but also the task they have to accomplish. Hersey and Blanchard use the four quadrant model of Situational leadership to properly explain the characteristics of such leader and the action they take given the situation. The Situational leadership model as presented by Hersey and Blanchard is: Structuring: Leaders need to adopt this approach in the bleakest situation, that is, the morale of the employees in not just low, they also do not have the ability to deal