Hofstede Individualism - Uk vs Can Essay Example for Free

Hofstede Individualism Uk vs Can Essay There are many vast differences among the numerous cultural value systems, as most â€Å"value systems are rooted strongly in history and appear to be resistant to change† (De Mooij, 2003). However, if a culture has a significant influence on the development of another nation’s culture, is it surprising that those same values could very well transfer over? In the newer developed culture that adopted traits of a â€Å"mother† nation, is it not plausible for such aspects as advertisement and communication strategies to hold potential for applicability to both cultures alike? As Canada is a part of United Kingdom’s Commonwealth, it is a logical assumption that they inherited cultural traits and attributes commonly associated with those from the UK. Invoking the question whether they have they lost these cultural notions over their years of independence? According to Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimensions (Hofstede, 2001) individualism is an apparent cultural characteristic that both the United Kingdom and Canada still presently share. An international communicator could make a reasonable presumption that advertisement and communication strategies from the United Kingdom, being a mother nation to Canada, can be successfully utilized in Canada. In spite of this, there are little resources available to support such an acclamation. For such reason, the objective of this paper is to identify cultural attributes shared between the United Kingdom and Canada. Thus engaging the question What significant features in respective Crimestoppers campaigns, reflect cultural similarities of both Canada and United Kingdom? Purpose This research report will aim to establish significant comparable characteristics of Canada and United Kingdom’s national resemblance over Hofstede’s cultural individualism. Therefore, analyzing of adverts from both  countries’ Crimestoppers programs, assessing over the traits epitomized through Geert Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism cultural dimension and criteria of the high/low-context culture. This will give insight of cultural comparable characteristics from the adverts, which bares practical relevance for international communicators planning advertisements in both or each of the respective countries. The combination of distinguishing major similar characteristics evident in such adverts, and weighing them with the attributes stated in Hofstede’s dimensions of Canada and United Kingdom can act as a pertinent source for future cross-culture comparisons. 2|Page Theoretical Framework Culture typically holds a fuzzy perception, which makes effective marketing and advertising communication difficult in adapting to a foreign or international target market’s cultural values. For communication practitioners to assess their strategy’s affect on another cultural market there needs to be a basis in which they can conduct such evaluation. Such a basis for cross-examining countries does exist and is held in the highest regard for cultural comparison. The basis for said desire, is in Geert Hofstede’s 5 cultural dimensions: Power Distance (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI) and Long-term versus Short-term orientation (LTO). These dimensions are used by many in the subject of cross-cultural communications; one individual in particular whose cross-cultural theories are deeply rooted from these 5 dimensions is Marieke de Mooij. As exclaimed by de Mooij (2003) â€Å"Countries can now be compared by means of dimensional scales and culture†¦in particular Hofstede’s (1991, 2001) dimensions of national culture are useful because of availability of country scores for a large number of countries† and the characteristics these dimensions implicate. Geert Hofstede’s 5-dimension model plays such a significant role in this research paper as it is from here that the main basis of the cultural connection concept originates. As one can see, Individualism – of the IDV cultural dimension – is where the United Kingdom and Canada excel the most (see Figure 2, Appendix). Thus, that dimension is most applicable in crossculturally comparing the two nation’s programs to determine dominant characteristics in their similarities. In accordance with Geert Hofstede’s cultural dimension country scores, United Kingdom and  Canada rank relatively high in Individualism of the IDV dimension – with scores of 89 and 80 respectively – making it a top dimension to match the two. There are several factors pertaining to individualism that define an individualist’s ideals versus that of a collectivist. Four noteworthy merits of importance to individualistic ideals are privacy, individual initiative, culpability, and independence (de Mooij, 2010). Several researchers’ works have associated these aspects reflecting traits commonly found with individualism favouring nations. To list ac couple of said researchers: Lamoreaux and Morling (2012), Zandpour (1994), Albers-Miller and Gelb (1996), de Mooij herself (1998), and Dahl (2004). While the four aforementioned factors are a good basis, another criterion is needed to compare Individualism of United Kingdom and Canada in order to gain a valuable insight into potential for cross culture communication strategies. This category compliments Hofstede’s individualistic and collectivistic culture dimension, and is another worthy measure in classifying a nation’s different depiction on individualism and collectivism. The vast difference between individualistic and collectivistic cultures is in the low/high-context communication methods (de Mooij, 2010). Through advertisements in these individualistic cultures, the public expects a personal and direct approach. Edward Hall developed a theory on high/low context, which compliments Hofstede’s individualism/collectivism framework (Hillebrand, 2007) while Dahl’s (2004) work supports the elements of Hofstede’s dimensions and Hall’s low context alike. Hall’s theory coincides with concepts from de Mooij over cross culture comparing of a low-context culture. low-context culture concepts are defined in three areas, being straightforward verbal communication, their directives and emphasis on use of personal pronouns. These concepts hold relevance as Canada and United Kingdom carry labels as individualistic nations by Hofstede therefore low-context in nature and analyzing their respective adverts through the individualistic trait and concepts of low-context messages, will reveal which characteristics are significant in defining them as culturally comparable. Methodology The methodology used for this paper is in a qualitative analysis of a few commercial adverts. In order to distinguish characteristics shared by United Kingdom and Canada, I decided to observe citizen participation programs functioning in both regions – â€Å"Crimestoppers†. Two television adverts from each nation were selected; one set being more of a Lesson form of advertisement, and another being a more Drama style of advertisement. The targets for each of the respective Crimestoppers ads are aimed for the public of densely populated and urban areas – Toronto, Canada and London, England. To determine similarities the two commercials from each country analyze the verbal and visual elements displayed throughout the adverts. The verbal and visual elements examined and evaluated for their cultural similarities, through the criteria deriving from Hofstede, Dahl, de Mooij and Hall’s theories. The characteristics of Hofstede’s individualism cultural dimension and Hall’s (1990) concepts in the low-context culture supported by de Mooij (2003, 2010) and Dahl (2004) establish a better understanding of which characteristics are dominant in making United Kingdom and Canada culturally similar. The operationalizing of these concepts are by analyzing the four commercials – two ads for each respective country – where in the assessment criteria stems from the aforementioned theories of Hofstede, Hall and de Mooij. The four criteria of the individualism dimension used are: 1. Privacy 2. Individual initiative 3. Culpability 4. Independence With the remaining three precedents of the low-context category being: 1. Straightforward approach 2. Directives 3. Personal pronouns The operationalizing of these seven aspects is over each of the four commercials, formulating the criteria for assessing the Crimestoppers adverts’ visual and verbal elements in a ta ble form (see Table 1.1 Table 1.2, in Results). The table lists each of the criterions under the two categories – individualism and lowcontext – and uses a rating system and an example box as the columns to assess the measure for each Crimestoppers video. The rating system uses a scale from 1-5, 1 representing the lowest presence in ads and 5 representing the strongest presence. The example column is where quick examples and points of each of the aspects from the Crimestoppers commercial, to better support the rating. There are two tables each comparing one Canadian video to one UK video, to highlight which cultural criteria dominantly depicts similarity between the two nations. The four Crimestoppers adverts that are used are titled and followed by a brief description below: 1. (CAN) Toronto Crimestoppers – Anonymous i. The beginning depicts a man robbing a convenient store with a hooded sweater and a gun. He then holds up the clerk when he realizes that the clerk is wearing a ski mask. Upon panicking, he realizes the witness inside the store, the old lady at the door when trying to exit, the child in the house looking out the window and the family in the car driving by are all wearing skie  masks. This is then pursued by the text â€Å"You stay anonymous†¦criminals don’t† before the Crimestoppers logo appears. 2. (UK) Don’t let them get away with it – Drink driving i. A man facing addresses the audience about ever witnessing a drink driver and doing nothing about it. Scene changes to the man in the background of a bar witnessing another man chugging down beer while confessing that he has witnessed a man enjoying too many drinks. Then states â€Å"somebody should of stopped him from driving home†¦I could of, but didn’t†. This is followed by the man stating that is was now only a matter of time, as the drunk driver gets in his car and his the man talking. Then closing wrapping up the video with the text â€Å"Drink drivers†¦ don’t let them get away with it† and the Crimestoppers logo and ad sponsors. 3. (CAN) Call Taker Taking Anonymous Phone TIP – Toronto Crimestoppers i. The video begins immediately with the operator on the phone with an anonymous tipper. Ensures the individual that the call is completely anonymous and not recorded. She then proceeds to ask questions about the tip about bullying in school, such as location, who is involved, description, recent activities. Then closes with informing the caller that if the information does lead to any arrest or conviction, that they can be eligible for a reward for up to $2,000 and gives them information about a case number that they may call and  follow up on. 4. (UK) What happens when I call Crimestoppers? i. Opening text  with â€Å"Your say†. This is followed by character sketch of a person calling on the phone before opening the scene of the phone operator greeting the caller. The caller nervous about giving information and asking for confirmation of anonymity. The operator then ensures him of anonymity, no call recording. call display, no court appearance or statement and that all she need is the information. Caller says that he had seen who stabbed an individual but was still reluctant to give information. She consoles him and really lets him know that it is completely anonymous and that she is not the police. He then confides in her who the stabber was, then rushes off the phone. The queues the closing text â€Å"this could have be your call† and â€Å"all the information has now been passed on anonymously to the relevant police force†. The first two videos are the more Drama oriented adverts and the following two are more Lesson styled videos, informing and teaching the viewer of how the system work. The criteria for the analysis deduced from the concepts and theories of Hofstede, Hall (1990), De Mooij (2010) and Dahl (2004) can make the depiction the values of Hofstede’s IDV dimension are apparent in the individualism of United Kingdom and Canada alike. These theories will determine whether the evaluation implies a similar relation between the cultural  natures, depicted between the adverts of the two nations’ Crimestoppers programs. As a result, the findings from the concepts will prove or disprove Expectation 1 (see Figure 1- Conceptual Framework). Consequently revealing the ability of the results to determine the validity of Expectation 2 (see Figure 1). Results The analysis of all four videos over the seven concepts of the Individualism and Lowcontext factors, proved to be successful. What was beneficial from the data analysis is that it did produce an insight to the dominant characteristics that both United Kingdom and Canada similarly portrayed in their respective Crimestoppers commercials. The four adverts are identifiable in de Mooij’s basic advertising forms as the first two commercials were Drama forms of advertising, as the both boasted interplay  between two characters to create a story in representation of the Crimestoppers program. The prominent aspects of the individualism and low-context cultures properly reflect Hofstede’s high individualistic ranking of Canada and the UK. As depicted in the analysis results from Table 1.1 and 1.2 (see below,) the prominent aspects unearthed were the Culpability and Privacy cultural aspect of an individualistic cultures, as well as through the Straightforward approach as sociated with the low-context culture. The Culpability aspect was found to be a dominant criterion of individualism across all four of the videos with a total rating of 8 for both Canada and United Kingdom. In the â€Å"Toronto Crimestoppers – Anonymous† video analyzed in Table 1.1, it was portrayed that all potential witnesses were wearing ski masks and that they ranged from very young to the elderly. This implied the ease and lack of risk for yourself in simply reporting what information you could. In the â€Å"Don’t let them get away with it – Drink driving† commercial, guilty conscious was created in their efforts to describe just how little effort you had to put into a prevention measure. Also, that in doing something, one could prevent someone from losing their life, as the speaker in the video could of prevented his own death by simply giving Crimestoppers a call. Moreover, in the third video â€Å"Call Taker Taking Anonymous Phone TIP – Toronto Crimestoppers†, analyzed in Table 1.2, it is severely emphasized by the call operator that there is no association, no having to go to court or give a statement, tied into your efforts. Finally, in the last advert, â€Å"What happens when I call Crimestoppers?† You hear the conversation between the call operator and a paranoid youth, who reluctant at first and still feeling at risk still provided information of a stabbing. The Straightforwardness has been found to be the leading feat of low-context criteria across the four Crimestoppers adverts with ratings of 8 for United Kingdom and Canada alike. The blunt approach is displayed in the 1st commercial as an armed suspect instantly enters the scene, yet throughout the whole commercial all witnesses are so evidently portrayed as hidden, protected, and anonymous should they wish to share any information. In the 2nd Crimestoppers advertisement the audience is instantly engaged in a â€Å"Have you allowed this happen?† scenario created with the speaker questioning the  viewer if they acted as he did which ultimately lead to his death. The 3rd and 4th ad, while being from Canada and UK respectively, both have the same depiction of the straightforward approach as in the first words involve â€Å"Crimestoppers† and they go on to highlight the significance of anonymity, low risk and ease for the information to be provided. Table 1.1 shows that the Privacy feat received low ratings out of the first two Crimestoppers advertisements yet they received a 5 in the rating each make the total for both nations a rating of 6. As the second two commercials were Lesson forms of advertisements, particularly of the sub-category of Demonstration as both commercials had â€Å"a presenter demonstrate how the product works† de Mooij (2010). Over this set I found the Privacy feature to be a distinguishable characteristic of individualism, as both Crimestoppers commercials depicted strong symbols of privacy with the emphasis on one’s personal space is not compromised, and in no way threatened. Table 1.2 states evidence observed in 3rd and 4th adverts of the operators giving such statements as â€Å"We are not recording anything†, â€Å"don’t need any information about you† and â€Å"won’t even tell the police it was a man or woman who called†. Below are the results from the analysis of the four Crimestoppers adverts for encouragement of participation programs. Table 1.1 – (1 Lowest presence – 5 Strong presence) Canadian Crimestoppers #1 Toronto Crimestoppers – Anonymous Rating (1-5) Individualistic Features Privacy 1 No depiction of individualistic privacy 1 The aspect of not having to come to a station, or have to have authorities entering.

Web-Based Issue Position Statement :: Essays Papers

Web-Based Issue Position Statement Introduction The use of laboratory animals in the classroom is an extremely controversial issue. Ethics as well as religion are challenged with the dissection of animals. This controversy is not a new one, animal dissection has been disputed for well over a hundred years (National Research Council, 1988). There have been numerous court cases concerning this issue and laws have been enacted to give students the right to refrain from participating in animal dissection (NABT, 1990). Background Animal dissection started hundreds of years ago in order to gain a better understanding of how the body works. It has helped us to learn about, prevent, and cure diseases that could have otherwise never been understood (National Research Council, 1988). Without animal research human health in general would be at a much lower level. â€Å"..in the United States, animal experimentation has contributed to an increase in average life expectancy of about twenty five years since 1900† (Research Council, 1988). Dissection was not used in the classroom until 1920 and did not become part of the regular curriculum until the 1960’s (NABT, 1990). The original attitude towards dissection in the classroom was generally supportive and understanding of the benefits of this type of study. In 1987 high school student Jennifer Graham went to court after her grade was lowered because she refused to participate in a frog dissection. After this incident, public opinion on dissection in the classroom completely changed (NABT, 1990). Since then, the controversy has heightened and researchers continue to debate with animal rights activists on the issue. People in support of animal use in the classroom present several arguments, the most popular being that it is a hands-on experience that allows student the opportunity to understand the body form and function (Lewis, 1997). It also allows students to see the actual placement of organs, the appearance and texture of tissues and organs, and the relationship of the organs with one another (NABT, 1990). Howard E. Buhse, associate director of the department of biological sciences at the University of Illinois at Chicago, claims that through dissection students gain a respect for the complicated way a body is put together. Buhse also states that the plastic models throw students off because, unlike the models, no body has perfect organs and there is natural anatomical variation of the placement of the organs (Lewis, 1997).

Achieving Universal Primary Education As A Goal Education Essay

In 1998, the so authorities of Pakistan, accorded full acknowledgment to the cardinal duty of restructuring of instruction system of Pakistan, by denoting the National instruction policy on 27th March 1998. The National Education Policy 1998 was devised with a sight to transform the Pakistani state into an integrated, cohesive entity that can stand up and vie against future challenges by puting one of the chief aims of accomplishing cosmopolitan primary instruction by supplying the maximal chances for free entree to every kid. In 2000, universe leaders from 189 states voted to implement the MDGs.Pakistan was besides one of them. This declaration set eight ends to accomplish the consentaneous ballot to transfuse the Millennium Declaration may propose that the political will to carry through these marks is assuring. The accomplishment of cosmopolitan primary instruction was 2nd end set after eliminating poverty.The mark set under this end was that by 2015 universally kids will be able to finish full class of primary schooling.The indexs to accomplish this mark were completion/survival rate, net registration ratio and literacy rate of 15-24 old ages old work forces and adult females. However, critics of the MDGs are non certain about the likeliness of every state achieving cosmopolitan instruction by 2015. The critics of the MDGs suggest that greater focal point should be placed on the overall advancement instead than the concluding result as the grounds implies that the educational MDGs are non likely to be achieved in most states. By concentrating chiefly on the rates of advancement over clip, ( Sahn, 2003 ) claim the consequences will be more good in supplying encouragement to states, as â€Å" failure to accomplish the ends is non synonymous with failure to accomplish societal advancement † . So, greater attending should be placed on rates of advancement towards finishing these ends instead than the concluding result. As neglecting to accomplish these ends by 2015 does non bespeak a deficiency of betterment in Pakistan, it is more appropriate for policy analysts to concentrate on rates of advancement. Since Pakistan has signed Millennium development declaration, it is confronting major jobs like war on panic, political instability, and temblors 2004 and inundations 2009-10 which hindered its advancement towards these ends. There are so many other factors that are blockading Pakistan in accomplishing its millenary development educational ends. 2.2 Factors that affect the accomplishment of millenary development ends of primary instruction in Pakistan in visible radiation of old research workers and critics. As this paper intends to supply the grounds for critical slowdown and spread in accomplishing primary educational millenary developments ends in Pakistan and how these ends may be achieved, I chose to concentrate on factors which are common and have greater influence on educational advancement and facets that authorities and other educational governments in Pakistan can hold a direct influence over through policy alteration. For the intents of this research, the theoretical account that signifies the determiners of educational advancement are completion endurance rate, female instructors as per centum of entire primary instructors, population aged between 0-14 as per centum of entire population, poorness rate and literacy rate gap.But other variables that are considered and have an impact are net registration ratio, rural population, pupil-teacher ratio, public outgo, gender para index, and non-formal instruction ( deeni madrassas ) , low birth weight babes. The argument that whether educational advancement is more affected by personal back land of pupils ( that includes rural population, poorness rate, public outgo, gender para index ) or school quality factors ( that are pupil teacher ratio, trained instructors, female instructors and non formal instruction ) has been ongoing since the Coleman Report ( Coleman et al. 1966 ) . Coleman et Al. ( 1966 ) found that household background of pupils, that is their parent ‘s socioeconomic position, parent ‘s instruction and businesss are more declarative of pupil ‘s educational advancement than school-level factors. Since the publication of the Coleman Report, research workers have continued to analyze and debate whether quality of instruction or place environment determines pupil ‘s academic accomplishments. Particularly in respect to how national economic development affects which factors are more of import on a planetary graduated table, policy shapers continue to look for which factors may outdo explain educational advancement. In this research, I intend to detect whether economic or educational investing factors best explain advancement towards the educational MDGs in Pakistan. In order to find how Pakistan can utilize its resources most expeditiously, I have used statistical informations for different variables covered under socio economic position of pupils and educational quality and their consequence to cut down literacy spread. Though 70 % of population in Pakistan is still populating in rural countries. But growing in rural countries is traveling towards down and literacy rate is bettering so we can see that societal background of people has high impact on educational advancement. ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey on basic instruction in Pakistan raised issues like deficiency of entree to quality instruction in rural countries and unequal distribution of educational resources in rural and urban countries. These issues still prevail in society as a hinderance to accomplishment of MDGs for instruction. The Pakistan has The mean literacy rate of Pakistan is 57 per cent with combination of 69 per cent for males and 45 per cent for females.The literacy rate in urban countries remains much higher than in rural parts of the state, 74 per cent and 48 per cent severally The mean provinicial literacy rate follows as Punjab and Sindh 59 per cent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa ( 50 per cent ) and Balochistan ( 45 per cent ) ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) . As I have taken population aged between ( 0-14 ) as per centum of entire population as one of my variables and more than half of population in Pakistan lives in rural countries so it finally effects my determiner. As past research indicates that the effects of educational investing factors or school quality factors which include entire educational outgos and figure of trained instructors for the cosmopolitan registration MDG, pupil-teacher ratio and repeat rate for the cosmopolitan completion MDG, and pupil-teacher ratios and figure of female teachers for the gender para end may change depending on the economic position of a state ( Heyneman & A ; Loxley, 1983 ) . The educational investing factors are most declarative of educational advancement in the universe ‘s hapless states, where as economic growing features will outdo explicate the advancement of lower-middle income states towards the educational MDGs. Economic growing may be viewed as more important at the national degree in lower-middle income states because these states are nearer to being seen as legitimate economic spouses by industrialised states than low income states. Alternatively, educational investing factors will probab ly be more important in low income states because betterments in these in these states are more instantly perceived at the single degree than alterations in national economic growing. ( Gupta et al, 2002 ) found in his research that economic growing has been major determiner of educational advancement. This is in line with my determiner of poorness rate. As economic growing of state straight links to the public assistance of its citizens. The growing in economic system can take to educational growing if net registration rates do non lift at much faster rates than GNP per capita is recognized by Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai ( 2000 ) in his research. This finding suggests as more kids reach the school traveling age, fewer public resources will be available to apportion to a state ‘s educational system. Therefore economic growing is linked to greater funding on instruction as more resources are available to pass on instruction. This tendency may happen for several grounds. First, as the economic system of state develops more disbursement is done on instruction, even though the entire proportion of the GNP spent on instruction lessenings ( Coclough & A ; Al-Samar rai, 2000 ) and secondly, increasing rates of economic growing mean a higher quality of life for a state ‘s citizens. As fiscal resources go more readily available at the single degree, the sensed costs of instruction may non be as great. Increasing employment rates may heighten citizens ‘ sentiments towards instruction because â€Å" drawn-out unemployment can take to disinterest in puting in farther schooling † ( World Bank ; 2010 ) . However ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) shows budgetary allotments are non sufficient plenty to implement the coveted undertakings to accomplish cosmopolitan primary instruction by 2015. Budget for instruction still remains at approximately 2 % of GDP, out of which major sum is spent on administrative issues like wages, go forthing really minimum sum to pass on new enterprises. ( Pakistan Economic Survey, 2009-2010 ) In South Asia, Pakistan falls in one of those states who contribute lowest public outgo on instruction, as a proportion of their GDP. Harmonizing to figures, Pakistan allocated to the instruction sector 2.5 % of the GDP in 2006-07, 2.47 % in 2007-08, 2.1 % in 2008-09 and 2 % in 2009-10. This factor besides straight affect the poorness rate.As if public outgo is increased, there will be more inexpensive instruction installations therefore doing hapless people accessible to basic instruction. A survey by Qureshi and Arif ( 2001 ) conducted on the Profile of Poverty in Pakistan demonstrates that poorness has been increasing drastically throughout the decennary get downing 1990s. More rural family were dragged to poverty and about a one-fourth of the urban families were besides populating below the poorness line by the terminal of 1998-99. They conclude by casting visible radiation on the fact that acquisition of instruction is one of the most important determiners of the incidence of poorness. It is imperative that instruction should be taken into history during policy preparation and execution. A really of import thought has been put frontward in the article which states that instruction can hold a positive impact of poorness relief schemes. The acquisition of an person will hold a positive consequence on his or her net incomes and productiveness and furthermore besides impact any single that interacts with the educated. ( Qureshi and Arif, 2001 ) . I have taken the literacy rate spread ( target-actual ) as my dependent variable for this survey as it is inversly relative to maximal accomplishment of primary instruction and studied the consequence of other independent variables on instruction. Despite the general premise that more support in instruction leads to accomplish higher grade of educational attainment and registration, old researches on the impact of public disbursement on instruction for bettering educational advancement is same. Gallagher ( 1993 ) claims in his work that while educational outgos positively affect registration rates, farther attending is needed to measure the quality of how public outgos are spent in instruction. The entire public instruction outgos may non be the most accurate determiner of detecting how a authorities is financially back uping its educational system, but other research indicates that educational support at the national degree can change significantly. Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai ( 200 0 ) mentioned in his research that South Asiatic states spend a higher proportion of their entire GNP on instruction and later have higher registration rates. As entire educational outgos vary significantly based on certain national features, more research is needed to find how influential a state ‘s entire fiscal support for instruction is on enrolment rates. For case, the school-aged population in Sub-Saharan Africa is proportionally larger than the school-aged population in South Asia ( Colclough & A ; Al-Samarrai, 2000 ) bespeaking that entire instruction outgos would necessitate to be greater in these states to let for support to be likewise allocated. Additionally, in footings of educational support, the bulk of fundss are spent on instructor wages and other administrative plants ( MDG Report, 2004 & A ; MDG, Report 2010 ) , Dr PA Shami Development of instruction in Pakistan ( 2005 ) .Though public outgo on instruction is taken as variable in my arrested development theo retical account but it finally effects two of my variables completion rate and female teachers.As if there will more public outgos on instruction it will supply more resources and installations to education sectors therefore doing instruction more easy accomplishable stoping up in pupils successfully finishing their primary education.Similarly it can increase figure of female instructors in instruction sector by giving them good wage inducements. A state with a higher school-aged population will probably hold greater pupil-teacher ratios which in bend may take to a lower quality instruction. Pupil-teacher ratio is a important determiner for its possible effects on educational advancement, specifically in footings of school completion rates, though research workers are in understanding about its significance. Dr PA Shami in his paper Access and Equity in Basic instruction besides raised this issue that in Pakistan the really high student instructor ratio in most of schools particularly rural countries has worse effects on its educational advancement. As instructors can non suit to give attending to a category of 40 to 50 pupils so it aversely affects the advancement. The sum of clip a instructor can perpetrate to each pupil is reduced by big category sizes, but the gender of the instructor may besides impact how likely misss are to obtain an instruction. In many topographic points like Baluchistan, Sindh and Pakhtunistan parental attitude towards miss ‘s instruction is really conservative. This state of affairs is more intense in rural countries which cover more than 70-80 % of entire population in Pakistan. In rural countries due to hapless quality of life and less exposure and consciousness and nonreader parents both socially and academically, long distant schools and deficiency of female instructors, kids are non sent to schools and particularly misss. ( Dr P A Shami Access and equity in basic instruction 2005 ) & A ; MDG Report 2010. Consequently, misss may necessitate for female instructors to be present in order to make up one's mind that obtaining an instruction is worthwhile. Additionally, as misss tend to have less attending from teachers than male childs, a deficiency of female teachers can cut down the sum of learning clip for misss ( Benavot & A ; Gad, 2004 ) , therefore cut downing the likeliness of misss achieving an instruction. In add-on to impacting the gender para ratio, the presence of adult females in the educational system may act upon registration and completion rates. The higher engagement of adult females in the work force is frequently viewed as declarative mood of a state going modern ; more adult females in the educational system may take to higher registration and completion rates. Female instructors in schools tend to hold higher degrees of enfranchisement than their male opposite numbers. Consequently, literacy rate spread will be lower in countries with a higher per centum of female ins tructors because the female instructors are more qualified, easy traveling and trusty to learn. ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) in their survey point out insufficient and unbalanced educational substructure, high poorness rate, incompetent, untrained and non handiness of instructors, illiteracy of parents and economically weak households give rise to low completion/survival rate of primary instruction, which finally negatively consequence literacy rate spread. These factors are besides seen in ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ) . Completion survival rate is taken in my research as independent variables to measure its impact on literacy rate spread which finally targets accomplishment of Millennium-Development-Goals for primary instruction in Pakistan. ( Mellinium development ends, 2010 ) raised issue of net registration ratio and completion/ endurance rate that has besides mentioned by ( DR.P.A.Shami, 2005 ) .Though net registration ratio has increased in primary instruction to 57 % in 2009 from 42 % in 2002 but we are still dawdling behind a batch to catch 100 % by 2015. And the kids who manage to finish their primary school that is to finish surveies from class 1 to rate 5 is merely 54.6 % in 2009 which has been decreased from 57.3 % in 2002. 2.3 Discussion of assorted undertakings and programmes running in Pakistan to accomplish MDGs for primary instruction Harmonizing to Pakistan Millennium-Development-Goals Report ( Mellinium development ends, 2004 ) by the GoP ( Government of Pakistan ) , a just appraisal of the position and tendencies associating to Goal 2 is hard owing to a figure of reasons.MDG Report 2005 highlighted that major disagreements arise due to informations aggregation by different methods, the usage of different definitions of variables, and the clip slowdown between informations aggregation and publication. MDG Report 2004 states that disagreements are sometimes important, for illustration, between the National Education Management Information System ( NEMIS ) and the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey ( PIHS ) . There is greater consistence, nevertheless, in the rates of alteration implied by these beginnings every bit indicated in ( MDG Report 2005 & A ; pakistan universe tantrum for kids study, 1989 ) .The plans and undertakings introduced to accomplish the MDGs are run by different organisations and NGOs. The pl ans and undertakings running at provincial degree are independent and have no intervention from federal authorities. Therefore monitoring and rating of these plans is hard at federal degree doing the analysis of such intercessions are more complicated for research workers and policy shapers. An instruction sector reforms ( ESR ) specific programme was provided Rs732 million which was spent on the proviso of losing installations in primary and in-between schools, reconstructing and reestablisihing of scientific discipline instruction at secondary degree and constitution of polytechnic institute at territory degree ( Balochistan, Khanozi, Turbat & A ; Gilgit ) .The national instruction foundation intends to set up community schools in the state at the topographic points where primary school are non available within a approachable distance and accomplishment based literacy centres. Rs 1 billion were expanded under Canadian Debt Swap Project for capacity edifice of instructors developing establishment and preparation of instructors. Child Friendly School theoretical account ( CFS ) , which is a model for all kids to inscribe in schools and larn efficaciously has been expanded in the state to over 2700 schools. ( Pakistan Millenim development ends study, 2010 ) .In clip of na tural catastrophes like temblors and inundations UNICEF provides aid to form mass back-to-school run, being to restart choice instruction activities, encouraged to reconstruct schools and substructure, aided to better, acceleration and adapt acquisition schemes for kids who have missed schooling, female instruction and bring forthing public support to raise consciousness about importance of instruction. Further it provides aid to schools, supplying with safe H2O and sanitation. ( Goal: Achieve cosmopolitan Primary eduction ) . Schools are besides seeking to diminish the dropout rate of pupils which is about 50 % at the minute by prosecuting kids in co-curriculum activities, such as athleticss and other drama activities to develop their involvement in schools and increase the keeping rate at school. 2.4 Analysis of spreads and slowdowns The accomplishment of MDGs so far is non singular and the grounds other than one described above are besides temblors in 2004, war on panic and recent monolithic devastation in inundations 2010. Pakistan has presently net registration ratio less than 80 % , which is improbable to make 95 % by 2015.Net primary registration ratio was 52 % in 2004-5 rose to 56 % in 2006-7 and so 57 % in 2008-9.There are important fluctuations in NER among the four states.The NER is highest in Punjab with a little betterment in other states by 1 % .Gender disparity in NER is reduced. Particularly in Pakhtunkhwa it has improved by 4 % in last few old ages. Swerve towards private schooling is increasing in urban every bit good as rural countries, with primary registration increased from 18 % to 20 % in the later. There has been important diminution in completion/survival rate to rate during the last five old ages. The rate decreased from72.1 to 54.7 to 52.3 to 54.6 in 2005-6 to 2006-7 to 2007-8 to 2008-9 r espectively.But it has been improved drastically in 2010 making to 69.9 % . One of the chief grounds of intensifying this rate may be shift in the figure of pupils from public to private schools due to inaccessibility of instructors, better substructure and standard quality of tuition in public schools. Data of the public school does non demo whether pupils have left school or gone to private schools. In the last 10 old ages there is overall betterment in literacy rate with regard to single sectors of male, female, urban and rural countries. Though there is addition of 3 % points in urban countries and 1 % point in rural countries. Literacy rate is higher in urban countries 74 % compared to 48 % in rural countries in 2008-9.The single provincial literacy rates are as follows: Punjab & A ; Sindh – 59 % , Khyber- 50 % , Baluchistan – 45 % .The literacy rate 2008-9 is higher among work forces 69 % compared to adult females 45 % which is increased from 66 % and 43 % in 200 6-7 severally. ( Mellinium developemnt ends, 2010 ( Australian Aid Programme to Pakistan, 2010 ) . Social position between work forces and adult females, prophylactic usage, birthrate rates decline, the relationship between kid and maternal mortality is a good established. The most powerful givers decrease of kid mortality is the female parent of a literacy, which in itself is an instruction system to guarantee that his open uping development of the book as a free cosmopolitan entree to instruction for the hapless, including misss and boys.There should be accent on instruction among these adult females, societal position and overall wellness of kids and pregnant adult females, he made two basic characteristics that make life meaningful and free possible.The societal position of adult females through instruction, enjoyment and economic relationship between instruction and wellness chances is, hence, is to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals and to guarantee that the basic premiss of sustainable development. It is obvious that Pakistan lagged behind in this regard the hurtin g behind. In general, Pakistan faces multiple and interconnected jobs, with a position to accomplishing the Millennium-Development-Goals call. Some of these issues relate straight to wellness attention, while others refer to economic, societal and cultural. However, macro-political environment is besides a beginning of jobs. Pakistan history suspicious of democracy. The state was under an existent or de facto military government, history and deprived the bulk of people the cardinal freedoms. There is no sense of democracy, publicity of civic consciousness, a strong sense of human rights and freedoms will be hard if non impossible, to accomplish the Millennium-Development-Goals in Pakistan.

It 236 Navigation Checkpoint

Check Point: Navigation University of Phoenix/Axia IT 236 January 11, 2010 Benjamin Reine Well the design of my page really is going to be determined on the amount of time I have to complete the assignment/ webpage. I would like it to function like a lot of the website which I go to. I will try to explain the things they do right and the things which are annoying but are set the way they are for security reasons. The first website I will describe is the PayPal website. I visit this website a lot (I have been doing a lot of shopping on eBay lately) and have come to love how easy it is to navigate their website.They also seem to have a lot of security built into their website. For instance if a user sits around on one page for too long it will automatically sign them out and they will have to sign back in. I think this is a great security feature, although it can be a little annoying to have to sign back in. This feature is only useful for banks and websites that deal with sensitive in formation but I feel my website should not feature that but still have some sort of security feature in it. At the current moment I do not know what security features to use with my web page final.Another website I visit a lot and have many features I want to include in my assignment is tiger direct and Newegg. The way the website is setup is awesome and easy to use. Everything is so organized (which is how I want my website to be). They have some flash animations playing showing deals and contests and also have gifs. I included a picture of Newegg’s layout (that is the main page when you first enter the website) and as you see at the top of the website are the categories of everything on the website.As you go over each you section on the top the open to reveal items for that specific section such as computer parts having towers, DVD drives, hard drives, etc. Electronics would have consoles, televisions, mp3 players, etc. This is how I would like my website to function but th e way it seems it may not come to be (I do not know how to create a java menu like that) due to time restrictions and self doubt. Maybe I will get over it and try it but maybe not (time constrictions are the getting the best of me). Another feature I would like to include in my webpage’s is the contact me section at the bottom of a lot of websites.This is important because this would be how users and patrons get in contact with you if problems persist or they want to give suggestions on how to make the website much better. It would include an email or two and maybe a telephone number to get in contact with. Another feature that I saw that really interested me was the way that tiger direct and Newegg’s websites both try to incorporate thee users into contests so they may come back to the website to purchase more items (it is kind of like a advertisement per say) and garner more revenue.This would be a great feature to add to a lot of websites (many of which need this ki nd of thing but never incorporate it). I would add such a thing but since the website is an assignment I will not add it. The last thing that catches my attention on these two websites is the way they use their fonts and wording. I like the way they are setup and how they flow with the page and are not all over the place. I think the website users times new roman as its main font but I may be wrong.I will be using times new roman and probably comic sans for my final. I think it would fit with the type of website that I am trying to do here. I just need to figure out how to incorporate webpage’s to pop up when they are chosen (like going and clicking on forum and it should take you to forum; I do not know how to do that yet). Hopefully by the time week 9 is around to me I can figure it out if not I will instant message my teacher in order to receive some help.

Langston Hughes Essays (1232 words) - Literature, Free Essays

Langston Hughes Essays (1232 words) - Literature, Free Essays Langston Hughes The Harlem Renaissance was a great and powerful era in black history. Blues and Jazz flourished throughout the streets of New York, and young black artist began to arise an important part of this era had to be the inspirational writings of Mr. Langston Hughes. Born in Joplin, Missouri, Hughes was raised by his grandmother after his parents had divorced. He graduated from high school in Cleveland, Ohio and went off to Mexico to live with his father for fifteen months. While in Mexico, Hughes lived a very rural life and wrote many of his first poems which although never published began to distinguish him as a writer. He soon returned to home for a short period in 1923 before he joined the crew of the SS Malone bound for Africa. From there he visited many places including Paris, Venice and Genoa before once again returning to America, to live in Harlem, New York. Although it was not until 1926 that Hughes was officially discovered as a poet, he wrote many poems while still in high school. While working in Washington D.C. as a busboy, Hughes left three of his poems beside the plate of Vachel Lindsey, an American poet, who liked Hughes poetry and helped him publicize his writings. Living in Harlem, he soon discovered the Culture and literary circle of the New Negro Writers. As best said by the Health Anthology of American Literature, Hughes made the spiritual, blues and jazz the basis of his poetic expressions. Which in fact he did in some works such as The Negro Speaks of Rivers, and The Weary Blues. Most of his influences came from fellow black writers. Names such as, Dubois, Locke, Jesse Redmonfaset, Jean Toomer, Arna Bontemps and Carl Van Vechten, inspired Hughes in his form and writing style. His poems often portrayed the trials, tribulations, struggles and thoughts of a young Negro growing up in the twenties through sixties. His main goal was to concern about the treatment of African Americans in this country, and to pursue civil and social justice. One of his most famous works would be his continuing sage of Jesse B. Semple also known as Simple. Hughes wrote columns about this fictional character, who dealt with very non-fictional problems. Jesse, was really Hughes voice who expressed the views and ideas of young black Americans. Creating Simple to be smart, strong witted and wise, allowed Hughes to publish and undermind the standard of our pretentious society, while ironically and humorously pointing out the hypocritical nature of American Racism. Hughes went on writing four series of writings about Simple including Simple speaks his mind (1950), Simple takes a wife (1953), Simple Strikes a claim (1957), and Simples Uncle Sam (1965). Hughes used a variety of themes in both his poetry and his prose. His voice was very moving when he read his poems publicly. His voice was both rich and poetic and gave strong inspiration and love to the black community. He was a great writer who completed a two volume autobiography, and edited many anthologies and pictorial volumes. Hughes dazzled writing for forty years and never gave up protesting for the rights of African Americans. He gave many motivational speeches across the nation supporting the black movement. Hughes continued his career publishing many books of poetry and prose. One of his particularly interesting poems was this one entitled, Cross. Cross My old mans a white old man, and my old mothers black. If I ever cursed my old white man, I take my curses back. If ever I cursed my black old mother, and wished she were in hell. Im sorry for that evil wish, and now I wish her well. My old man died in a fine big house, My ma died in a shack. I wonder where Im going to die, Being neither white nor black. This poem explores the deepest emotions and troubles of a young man born into a world of confusion. Confused by his heritage but arrogant in his pride. He is growing up in the whirl of a white society, and cannot decide whether he is white or black. Hughes, using a black mother and white father, completely makes it easy for the reader to understand and almost foreshadow where this poem is going. It

A Separate Peace - Thematic Analysis

A Separate Peace Thematic Analysis Essay Peace brings up the theme of mans inhumanity to his fellow man. What makes this novel unique is that in protesting war, Knowles never overtly referred to the blood and gore of war; he showed the consequences of war, some paralleling the nature of war and some simply laying out how World War II affected noncombatants thousand miles away. There have been many books written about war, what happens, why it happens, and why wars should stop. Knowles explains through the life of Finny why war never will cease, with only one death in the entire book; a quiet one at that. When Gene is responsible for Finnys fall off the tree, the reader is in some confusion as to what really happened. All the book reads at this juncture is Holding firmly to the trunk, I took a step near him, and then my knees bounced and I jounced the limb. Finny, his balance gone, swung his head to look at me for an instant with extreme interest, and then he tumbled sideways, broke through the little branches below and hit the bank with a sickening, unnatural thud. The reader does not know whether it was accidental or intentional. It is not until later that Finny realizes that Gene is responsible for his crippling, and what a natural thing it was to do. Gene bounced the branch just to see if he could make the invincible Finny fall; at least, this is why Gene claims he did it. This is true, but at some level, Gene was scared of Finny, of his confidence, his abilities, and his potential for breaking records. Consider Genes paranoia over Finnys attempts to make him adventurous. Gene interprets these genuine acts of friendship as attempts to prevent him from reaching the top of the academic ladder. This paranoia parallels war in that after it is declared, no one is safe. Countries, leaders, people suspicious of all who are perceived as a threat, causing them to lash out at anyone even peripherally involved. Adequately proven in A Separate Peace, there are also historical examples: the Nazi death camps, the American Japanese-American relocation camps, and the McCarthyism of the fifties. Apparently, in America, the Constitution rules until war is declared, then paranoia and vindictiveness take charge. When Gene had the opportunity to get back at Finny, he did, which is so human it is disheartening. This tenet of our nature precludes, before it has even begun, the idea of world peace. Some country will always feel that another is stronger, or a threat, and initiate action. Another example of mans capacity for viciousness against his fellow is Lepers insanity. Leper, an outcast at Devon, was one of the first juniors to enlist. An avid naturalist, he was entranced by the ski patrol, zooming about on clean, crisp snow. When he discovered the horrible reality of war, he cracked. The students at Devon, when they heard this, acted like the human creatures they were; they laughed. It  was a survival reflex, laughing at a horror they would soon been forced to endure. Picking on Leper, Brinker and his buddies revealed the human need to blame someone, to distract the eye from their own fear. A final example of mans inhumanity to man as shown in A Separate Peace is the inquiry by Brinker and his panel to find out what happened the day Finny broke his leg. Gene himself says of Brinker and the proceedings: Hes enjoying this, hes imagining himself Justice incarnate, balancing the scales. Hes forgotten that Justice incarnate is not only blindfolding the scales but also blindfolded. With Finny begging for him to stop, he relentlessly probed, determined to find the truth, a truth that helped no one and hurt everyone. Because Brinker insisted on proceeding with his little drama, Finny loses what was possibly one of his most precious possessions: Gene. All this playacting ultimately accomplished was one thing: Finnys death. The marrow of Finnys bones killed him, thus, it seems the symbolism is mans inner core will defeat him. Because we are human, we are imperfect, and the perfect among us symbolized by Finny cannot exist, so that ideal society will never become a reality. READ: Critical Essay On Sir Arthur Conan Doyle MoriartyThis novel illustrates man can be cruel to his fellow man. John Knowles A Separate Peace demonstrates why men go to war, and why they cannot stop. This remarkable feat is accomplished with the telling of a single unique individual and his death.

HRM - exam preparation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRM - exam preparation - Essay Example How much of remuneration is to be paid (the absolute level) is important to the extent that it takes care of a person’s minimum needs. Fixing of a minimum wage by an employer or company, or legislating on minimum wages by the Government, therefore focuses on ‘how much’. This ‘how much’ depends on physical variables (what is needed to keep body and soul together) and cultural variables (what is perceived as ‘necessary’) (Here we may refer to the first two levels of Maslow’s Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs — taking care of the physiological and safety needs. Beyond the level of the minimum wage to be paid, equity and fairness should play an important part in determining wages (the relative levels). Further, equity should be ensured without having to sacrifice the other objectives mentioned. Equity and fairness considerations in pay fixation take care of the social and esteem needs (Maslow) of an employee. Both internal and external equity principles (relative fairness of wages of workers in the same organisation, and outside the organisation) should be kept in mind while fixing pay. Rewards (compensation) are of two kinds — direct and indirect. The direct reward is the salary; and indirect rewards are the benefits or perquisites (perks) that an employee gets. Benefits include company provided house, car, medical facilities, company paid holidays, company sponsored study courses and training and so on. Equity or fairness between one employee and another can be maintained by adjusting both the direct or indirect benefits. 1- Modification of input or output to match pay. A person who is underpaid would reduce work effort; a person who is overpaid may work more sincerely and for longer hours without further compensation. A worker may attempt to change the input/ output of others, by asking them to work/not work harder. 2- Workers may adjust